简介：ApoptosisplaysanessentialroleinTcellbiology.ThymocytesexpressingnonfunctionalorautoreactiveTCRsareeliminatedbyapoptosisduringdevelopment.ApoptosisalsoleadstothedeletionofexpandedeffectorTcellsduringimmuneresponses.Thedysregulationofapoptosisintheimmunesystemresultsinautoimmunity,tumorogenesisandimmunodeficiency.Twomajorpathwaysleadtoapoptosis:theintrinsiccelldeathpathwaycontrolledbyBcl-2familymembersandtheextrinsiccelldeathpathwaycontrolledbydeathreceptorsignaling.Thesetwopathwaysworktogethertoregu

简介：Immunotherapythatspecificallytargetstumorcellsisthepreferredapproachtoinducetumorregression.Overthepastdecade,significantprogresshasbeenmadeindevisingvariousmethodstodirecttheimmunesystemtorespondtotumorcells.Themajorhurdleforsuccessfulimmunotherapyistoovercomeimmunetoleranceinthetumormicroenvironment.Recentclinicaltrialswithdendriticcell-basedvaccination[1,2]andCTLA4blockingantibodies[3]haveshowngreatpromise,thoughcompletecancerregressionisnotalwaysachieved[4].Currently,alternativestrategiespotentiallyleadingtocancereradicationorregressioninanimalorclinicalmodelsarebeingenthusiasticallypursued.InthisissueofCellResearch,Wangetal.reportanovelwaytoinducetumorimmunitybytheuseofirradiatedautologousTcells[5].

简介：Granulocyte巨噬细胞刺激殖民地的因素(GM-CSF)是一个重要造血的生长因素和有免疫力的调节的人。GM-CSF也在各种各样的传播白血球的功能的活动有深刻效果。它被许多房间类型在收到有免疫力的刺激之上包括T房间，巨噬细胞，endothelial房间和成纤维细胞生产。尽管GM-CSF局部地被生产，它能以一种paracrine方式行动到在主人防卫提高他们的功能的成员传播neutrophils，单核白血球和淋巴细胞。最近的集中的调查为它增加树枝状的房间(DC)成熟和功能以及巨噬细胞活动的能力作为一个有免疫力的助手在GM-CSF的应用程序上被集中。在经历化疗的癌症病人对待嗜中性白血球减少症临床上被使用，在在治疗期间的爱滋病病人，并且在在骨髓移植以后的病人。有趣地，GM-CSF-deficient老鼠的造血的系统看起来正常；最重要的变化在一些特定的T房间回答。尽管GM-CSF的分子的克隆用T房间的cDNA图书馆被执行，T房间在激活以后生产GM-CSF，是众所周知的，在T房间功能上有在由T房间和它的效果的生产的这cytokine的系统的调查的缺乏。在这篇文章，我们将在T房间主要集中于GM-CSF的免疫生物学。

简介：ExperimentalautoimmuneencephalomyelitiscanbeinitiatedspontaneouslyanddevelopedprogressivelyinTCRtransgenicmicespecificformyelinbasicproteinwhenexposedtonon-sterileenvironment,thusmorecloselymimickinghumanmultiplesclerosis.Byintravenousadministrationofmyelinbasicprotein,wesucceededinrapidlyreversingtheclinicalandpathologicalsignsofprogressivespontaneousdiseaseinthesemice.ThemajorityoftransgenicTcellsofMBP-injectedmicewasdeleted,withdramaticallyincreasednumbersofapoptoticcells,inlymphnodesandspleen,butnotinthymus.Proliferativeresponsesofsingle

简介：小道，肿瘤坏死因素相关的导致apoptosisligand，是一个新奇有势力通过房间表面死亡受体Trail-R1和Trail-R2的激活的房间死亡小径的内长的使活跃之物。它的角色象在导致激活的房间死亡(AICD)的FasL一样，在免疫系统被表明了。然而，小道的机制导致了apoptosis遗体不清楚。在这份报告，重组体小道蛋白质被表示并且净化。导致apoptosis活动和JurkatT房间上的重组体小道的规定机制是探索试管内。Trypan蓝排除试金证明重组体小道蛋白质活跃地以一种剂量依赖者方式杀死了JurkatT房间。在JurkatT房间的导致小道的apoptosis被Bcl-2显著地在Bcl-2基因transfected房间在表示上减少。有PMA(phorbol12十四酸盐13醋酸盐)的处理，PKC使活跃之物，在JurkatT房间的压制的导致小道的apoptosis。由PMA的apoptosis的抑制被预告的处理与二度废除，一个PKC禁止者。总起来说，Bcl-2在表示上和PMA激活PKC，这被建议活跃地下面调整在JurkatT的调停小道的apoptosis房间。

简介：Glucosetransporter4(GLUT4)isresponsibleforinsulin-stimulatedglucosetransportingintotheinsulin-sensitivefatandmusclecells.ThedynamicsofGLUT4storagevesicles(GSVs)remainstobeexploredanditisunclearhowGSVsarearrangedbasedontheirmobility.Weexaminedthisissuein3T3-L1cellsviainvestigatingthethree-dimensionalmobilityofsingleGSVlabeledwithEGFP-fusedGLUT4.Athinlayerofcytosolrightadjacenttotheplasmamembranewasilluminatedandsuccessivelyimagedat5Hzunderatotalinternalreflectionfluorescencemicroscopewithapenetrationdepthof136nm.Employingsingleparticletracking,thethree-dimensionalsubpixeldisplacementofsingleGSVwastrackedataspatialprecisionof22nm.Boththemeansquaredisplacementandthediffusioncoefficientwerecalculatedforeachvesicle.Trackingresultsrevealedthatvesiclesmovedasifrestrictedwithinacagethathasameanradiusof160nm,suggestingthepresenceofsomeintracellulartetheringmatrix.ByconstructingthehistogramofthediffusioncoefficientsofGSVs,weobservedasmoothdistributioninsteadoftheexistenceofdistinctgroups.TheresultindicatesthatGSVsaredynamicallyretainedinacontinuousandwiderangeofmobilityratherthanintoseparateclasses.

简介：ImmunizationwithinactivatedautoreactiveTcellsmayinduceidiotypeanti-idiotypicreactionstodepleteautoreac-tireTcells,whichareinvolvedinautoimmunediseases.However,itisunknownwhetherattenuatedactivatedhealthyautologousT-cellimmunizationcouldincreaseanti-tumorimmuneresponses.Tothisend,C57B1/6micewereimmunizedwithattenuatedactivatedautologousTcells.Thesplenocytesfromimmunizedmiceshowedahigherproliferativeabil-itythanthatfromnaivemice.ThespecialphenotypeanalysisshowedthatthereweremoreCDS+TcellsandCD62L+Tcellsinimmunizedmiceafter24hofculturewith10%fetalcalfserumcompletemediuminvitro(P<0.01).TheseresultsdemonstratedthatthisimmunizationmayactivateTcellsinvivo.Furthermore,thesplenocytesfromimmunizedmicerevealedresistancetoactivation-inducedcelldeath(AICD)invitro.TofurtherstudytherelativegenesthatareresponsibleforthehigherproliferationandresistancetoAICD,theexpressionofFas/Fasligand(FasL)andGADD45βwasmeasuredbyreal-timePCR.TheresultsindicatedthatGADD45βtranscriptionwashigherinthesplenocytesfromimmunizedmicethanthatinthenaivemice.Inaddition,theFasexpressionshowedaparallelhigher,butFasLdidnotchangeobviously.Toinvestigatethebiologicfunctionsinducedbyimmunizationinvivo,atumormodelwasestablishedbyEL-4tumorcellinoculationinC57/B1mice.MicereceivingautologousT-cellimmunizationhadsignificantlyinhibitedtumorgrowthinvivo(P<0.01).ThisstudyimplicatedthatimmunizationwithattenuatedactivatedautologousTcellsenhancesanti-tumorimmuneresponsesthatparticipateintumorgrowthinhibition.

简介：CT120,anovelmembrane-associatedgeneimplicatedinlungcarcinogenesis,waspreviouslyidentifiedfromchromosome17pl3.3locus,ahotmutationspotinvolvedinhumanmalignancies.Inthepresentstudy,wefurtherdeterminedthatCT120ectopicexpressioncouldpromotecellproliferationactivityofNIH3T3cellsusingMTSassay,andmonitoredthedownstreameffectsofCT120inNIH3T3cellswithAtlasmousecDNAexpressionarrays.Among588knowngenes,133geneswerefoundtobeupregulatedordownregulatedbyCT120.Twomajorsignalingpathwaysinvolvedincellproliferation,cellsurvivalandanti-apoptosiswereoverexpressedandactivatedinresponsetoCT120:OneistheRaf/MEK/ErksignalcascadesandtheotheristhePI3K/Aktsignalcascades,suggestingthatCT120mightcontribute,atleastinpart,totheconstitutivelyactivationofErkandAktinhumanlungcanercells.Inaddition,sometumormetastasisassociatedgenescathepsinB,cathepsinD,cathepsinL,MMP-2/TIMP-2werealsoupregulatedbyCT120,uponwhichCT120mightbeinvolvedintumorinvasivenessandmetastasis.Inaddition,CT120mightplayanimportantroleintumorprogressionthroughmodulatingtheexpressionofsomecandidate“LungTumorProgression”genesincludingB-Raf,Rab-2,BAX,BAG-1,YB-1,andCdc42.

简介：<正>Uponactivation,naiveT-helpercellscandifferentiateintotwomajordistinctsubsets,Thelper1(Th1)andThelper2(Th2),asdefinedbytheireffectorfunctionsandcytokinesecretionpatterns.CytokinemilieuandcostimulatorymoleculeshavebeenshowntoplayanessentialroleindeterminingThelperdifferentiation.However,itisstillunclearhowtheeffectsofsignalsofco-stimulatorymoleculesandcytokinesareexertedduringThelperdifferentiation.Weshowevidencesuggestingthatwhilecytokinesignalsinitiatedifferentiationprogram,theselectiveactionofdeatheffectorsdeterminestheendpointbalanceofdifferenti-