简介：ThesplicingofmanyalternativeexonsintheprecursormessengerRNA(pre-mRNA)isregulatedbyextracellularfactorsbuttheunderlyingmolecularbasesremainunclear.HerewereportthedifferentialregulationofBcl-xpre-mRNAsplicingbyextracellularfactorsandtheirdistinctrequirementsforpre-mRNAelements.InK562leukemiacells,treatmentwithinterleukin-6(IL-6)orgranulocyte-macrophagecolonystimulatingfactor(GM-CSF)reducedtheproportionoftheBcl-xLvariantmRNAwhiletreatmentwith12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate(TPA)hadnoeffect.InU251gliomacells,however,TPAefficientlyincreasedtheBcl-xLlevel.Theseregulationswerealsoseenforatransfectedsplicingreportermini-gene.Furtheranalysesofdeletionmutantsindicatethatnucleotides1-176ofthedownstreamintronarerequiredfortheIL-6effect,whereasadditionalnucleotides177-284areessentialfortheGM-CSFeffect.AsfortheTPAeffect,onlynucleotides1-76arerequiredinthedownstreamintron.Thus,IL-6,GM-CSFandTPAdifferentiallyregulateBcl-xsplicingandrequirespecificintronicpre-mRNAsequencesfortheirrespectiveeffects.

简介：<正>Asoneofthemostcharacterizedcytokines,interleukin3(IL-3)iswellknownforitssurvivaleffectonbothprogenitorsandmaturebloodcells.Althoughwiththeextensivestudies,thesignalingpathwaysandunderlyingmechanismleadingtosurvivalresponsesofIL-3stillarenotcompletelyunderstood.Recently,anapoptoticgeneticpathwayofC.eleganswassuggestedtobeevolutionallyconservedinthatcontrolsthecytokine-dependentanti-apoptoticresponsesinmammalianhematopoieticcelllineages.Amongthispathway,Ces-2isknowntobethefirstdeathspecificationgeneintheC.eleganspathwayandencodesabZIPfamilytranscriptionalfactorthatsharesthesameDNArecognitionsequencewithanoncoprotein,

简介：Trichosanthin(TCS)isapotentallergentomice.Accordingtoourpreviousexperiments,itcouldbringouttheIgEresponsetoovabumin(OVA)ifTCSwasgivenonedaybeforeOVAimmunization,whileOVAalonecouldnotinduceIgEtoit.Inthiswork,thekineticsofinterleukin4(IL-4)andinterferonγ(IFN-γ)geneexpressioninthemesentericlymphnode(MLN)ofTCS-immunizedmicewasinvestigatedusingasemi-quantitativeRT-PCRmethod.ItindicatedthatTCSinducedsignificantIL-4geneexpressionandthepeaksofIL4geneexpressionwereondayoneafterTCSimmunizationinbothprimaryandsecondaryresponse.Incontrast,theIFN-γgeneexpressionwassuppressed.Furthermor,theIL-4geneexpressioninthesecondaryresponsewaslowerthanthatintheprimaryresponse.ThusthepresenceofIgEmemoryBcellswerestudied.ResultsshowedthattheamountofmatureIgEmRNAarosesignificantlyandrapidlyonedayafterTCSrestimulation,whileintheMLNofthemiceprimed30daysbeforeandwithoutboost,itwasalmostasthesameamountoftheunimmunizedcontrol.ThesefindingssuggesttheexistenceoftheIgEmemoryBcellsinthemiceaftertheprimaryTCSimmunization.

简介：Interleukin-4isacytokineproducedbyactivatedTcells,mastcells,andbasophilsthatelicitsmanyimportantbiologicalresponses[1](seeTab1).TheseresponsesrangefromtheregulationofhelperTcelldifferentiation[2]andtheproductionofIgE[3]totheregulationoftheadhesivepropertiesofendothelialcellsviaVCAM-1[4],Inkeepingwiththesediversebiologicaleffects,high-affinitybindingsitesforIL-4(Kd20to300pM)havebeendetectedonmanyhematopoieticandnon-hematopoieticcelltypesatlevelsrangingfrom50to5000sitespercell[5].ThisreviewwillfocusonthediscretesignaltransductionpathwaysactivatedbytheIL-4recxeptorandthecoordinationoftheseindividualpathwaysintheregulationofafinalbiologicaloutcome.

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简介：真核细胞的房间的最惹人注目的形态特征是各种各样的围住膜的分隔空间的存在。包括细胞器和短暂运输中介，这些分隔空间不是静态的。更确切地说，蛋白质和膜的动态交换被需要维持细胞的动态平衡。膜动员的最戏剧的例子之一在macroautophagy的过程期间被看见。Macroautophagy是为长寿蛋白质和细胞器的降级的主要细胞的小径。响应环境暗示，例如饥饿或应力的另外的类型，房间生产唯一的膜结构，phagophore.Thephagophore扣押它形成一个双膜cytosolic泡的细胞质，anautophagosome。在结束之后，autophagosome与溶酶体熔化或在酵母的一个液泡，它交付水疗院放射激光与它的货物，和产生大分子一起毁坏内部autophagosome膜回来被释放进cytosol因为reuse.Autophagy因此是正在骑车过程，允许房间熬过滋养的限制的时期；然而，它有一个更宽的生理的角色，参予开发和老化，并且另外在对病原体侵略，癌症和某些neurodegenerative的保护疾病。在许多情况中，autophagy的角色通过autophagy相关的蛋白质的研究被识别，Atg6/Beclin1。这蛋白质是类脂化合物kinase建筑群的部分，并且最近的研究建议它在协调autophagy并且在反对apoptosis的细胞的死亡过程的thecytoprotective功能起一个中央作用。这里，我们总结我们Atg6/Beclin的当前的知识1在在细胞的不同模型有机体和它的唯一的功能。

简介：cAMPmediatedsignalingmayplayasuppressiveroleinimmuneresponse.WepreviouslyfoundthatthecAMP-elevators(CTxand8-Br-cAMP)inhibitedIL-12,IL-la,IL-6geneexpression,butincreasedthetranscriptionallevelsofIL-10andIL-1RainLPS-treatedmurineperitonealmacrophages.ThepresentstudyexaminedapossiblemolecularmechanisminvolvedincAMPelevators-inducedinhibitionofIL-12p40expressioninresponsetoLPS.OurdatademonstratedthatcAMPelevatorsdownregulatedIL-12p40mRNAexpressionandIL-12pT0productioninmurineperitonealmacrophages.SubsequentstudiesrevealedthatcAMP-elevatorsblockedphosphorylationofp38MAPK,butdidnotaffecttheactivityofNF-κBbindingtoIL-12promoter(-136/-112).ThisisthefirstreportthatcAMPelevatorsinhibitLPS-inducedIL-12productionbyamechanismthatisassociated,atleastinpart,withp38-dependentinhibitionbycAMPsignalingpathways.

简介：兼容丑恶纸巾的表面上的花粉萌芽是为植物授精的必要的步。这里，我们报导Arabidopsis变异的bcl1是由于花粉萌芽的失败不育的男性。我们证明bcl1异种等位基因不能被男配偶体播送，没有同型结合的bcl1异种被获得。花粉发育阶段的分析显示bcl1变化影响花粉萌芽然而并非花粉成熟。分子的分析证明花粉萌芽的失败被AtBECLIN1的混乱引起。AtBECLIN1在成熟花粉主要被表示并且与重要相同编码蛋白质到在酵母为autophagyandvacuolar蛋白质排序的过程(VPS)要求的Beclin1/Atg6/Vps30。我们也证明AtBECLIN1为正常被要求植物开发，和那与autophagy，VPS和glycosylphosphatidylinositolanchor系统有关的基因，被AtBECLIN1的缺乏影响。