简介:2016年5月15—25日,《联合国气候变化框架公约》《巴黎协定》第1次预备会(APA1)、公约附属执行机构(SBI)第44次会议(SBI44)和公约附属科学咨询机构第44次会议(SBSTA44)在德国波恩举行。
简介:Borealwintertimeextratropicalcirculationisstudiedinrelationtothetropicalconvectionduringthe1982/83ElNinoand1988/89LaNina.Theanomalystructureof1982/83and1988/89overtheextratropicsrevealsremarkablydifferentfeaturesasthelongitudinaltropicalforcingregionchanges.TheRossbywavesource(Positive)showsthelargestmaximumoverEastAsiainbothyearsduetothepersistentheatingfromthewesternPacificwarmpoolarea.However,thesinktermshowscontrastingfeaturesoverthesubtropicsandextratropicsbetweenthetwoyears.IntheElNinoyear,enhancedtropicalconvectionovertheeasternPacificproducestheRossbywavesinkat10°NandshiftedeastwardovertheNorthPacific,whileintheLaNinayear,thesinkareaisshiftedwestwardovertheNorthPacific.Thecontrastingfeaturesbetweenthetwoeventsinmean-eddyinteractionappearsespeciallyoverthedownstreamareaoftheEastAsianJet.Theextension(retraction)ofthemeanfloweastward(westward)totheeast(west)ofthedatelineisrelatedwiththeeffectofthewestward(eastward)E-vectorandthestrengthening(weakening)ofthenegativeanomaliesofthebarotropicgrowthofkineticenergy.Hence,almostoppositecharacteristicsbetweenthetwoeventscanexplainthecloserelationshipoftropicalconvectionandtheextratropicalinternalvariability.