简介：Exercise-inducedrhabdomyolysis（exRML）,apathophysiologicalconditionofskeletalmusclecelldamagethatmaycauseacuterenalfailureandinsomecasesdeath.IncreasedCa2+levelincellsalongwithfunctionaldegradationofcellsignalingsystemandcellmatrixhavebeensuggestedasthemajorpathologicalmechanismsassociatedwithexRML.TheonsetofexRMLmaybeexhibitedinathletesaswellasingeneralpopulation.PreviousstudieshavereportedthatpossiblecausesofexRMLwereassociatedwithexcessiveeccentriccontractionsinhightemperature,abnormalelectrolytesbalance,andnutritionaldeficienciespossiblegeneticdefects.However,theunderlyingmechanismsofexRMLhavenotbeenclearlyestablishedamonghealthprofessionalsorsportsmedicinepersonnel.Therefore,wereviewedthepossiblemechanismsandcorrelatedpreventionofexRML,whileprovidingusefulandpracticalinformationfortheathleteandgeneralexercisingpopulation.

简介：<正>Hamstringstrainsareoneofmostcommonsportsinjuries.Thepurposeofthisliteraturereviewistosummarizestudiesonhamstringstraininjuryrate,mechanism,andriskfactorsinthelastseveraldecadeswithafocusonthepreventionandrehabilitationofthisinjury.Hamstringinjurycommonlyoccursinsportingeventsinwhichhighspeedsprintingandkickingarefrequentlyperformed,suchasAustralianfootball.Englishrugby,Americanfootball,andsoccer.Basicsciencestudieshavedemonstratedthatamusclestraininjuryoccursduetoexcessivestrainineccentriccontractioninsteadofforce,andthatelongationspeedanddurationofactivationbeforeeccentriccontractionaffecttheseverityoftheinjury.Hamstringstraininjuryislikelytooccurduringthelateswingphaseandlatestancephaseofsprintrunning.Shortenedoptimummusclelength,lackofmuscleflexibility,strengthimbalance,insufficientwarm-up,fatigue,lowerbackinjury,poorlumbarposture,andincreasedmuscleneuraltensionhavebeenidentifiedasmodifiableriskfactorswhilemusclecompositions,age,race,andpreviousinjuriesarenon-modifiableriskfactors.Thetheoreticalbasisofsomeoftheseriskfactors,however,islacking,andtheresultsofclinicalstudiesontheseriskfactorsareinconsistent.Futurestudiesareneededtoestablishthecause-and-effectrelationshipsbetweenthoseproposedriskfactorsandtheinjury.

简介：Purpose:Tosummarizetheapproach-avoidanceachievementgoalandperformanceinthesportpsychologyliterature.Methods:Atotalof17publishedstudies,twoofwhichprovidedtwosamples,werelocated.Acceptedmeta-analyticprocedureswereusedwithHedgesgastheeffectsizemetric.Fromthe17studies,73effectsizeswerecalculated.Results:Resultsbasedonarandomeffectsmodelindicatedthattheperformancegoalcontrasthadthelargestfacilitativeimpactonperformancefollowedbythemasteryandperformanceapproachgoals.Bothoftheavoidancegoalsperformanceandmasteryhadsmallnon-significantanddetrimentaleffectsonperformance.Thehomogeneitystatisticsrevealedsignificantheterogeneityfortheapproachandavoidanceperformancegoals.Categoricalmoderatorvariableswereexaminedforstudysexcomposition(male,female,ormixed),meanageofsample(<18yearsor18years),studysetting(labornaturalistic),andnatureofperformancevariable(objectiveorsubjective).Conclusion:Theperformancegoalcontrastholdsvalueforsportperformanceresearch.Contrarytoapproach-avoidancepredictions,themastery-approachgoalandperformanceeffectsizewassignificantandofequalmagnitudeastheperformanceapproachgoalandperformanceeffectsize.Thus,futureresearchshouldcloselytesttheefficacyofboththemastery-andperformancecontrastsinimpactingperformanceofsporttasks.Last,thesignificanteffectsizesreportedinthisreviewareinstarkcontrasttocontemporarymeta-analyticfindingsineducation.Differencesintheapproach-avoidancegoalsinsportandeducationrelativetoperformanceshouldberesearchedfurther.

简介：Purpose:ThepurposeofthisquantitativereviewwastosummarizethestateofElliot’sHierarchicalModelofApproachandAvoidanceMotivation,specificallytheantecedentsofthe2×2achievementgoalsinthesport,physicalactivity,andphysicaleducationliterature.Inaddition,theintercorrelationsamongstthe2×2goalswerealsoexamined.Methods:Asystematicreviewoftheliteraturewasconducted.Meta-analyticprocedureswereusedwiththemeanweightedsamplecorrelation(rw)astheeffectsizemetric.TheantecedentswerecodedbyElliot’s(1999)antecedentcategories.Anumberofmoderatorswerecodedapriori.Results:Basedonafixedeffectsmodelfrom47publishedstudies(totaluniquen=15,413)thatmetinclusioncriteria,the2×2achievementgoalsweresignificantlycorrelatedamongsteachotherrangingfromsmalltomediumtolargeinmeaningfulness.Concerningtheantecedents,overalltheyweretheoreticallycorrectinassociations,butonlyafewoftherelationshipsweremediuminmeaningfulness.Mostrelationshipsweresmallinmeaningfulness.Heterogeneitywaspresentfortheinterrcorrelationandantecedentanalyses.Conclusion:FutureresearchisencouragedtogrowandenrichtheunderstandingofachievementgoalswithinElliot’scompleteHierarchicalModelofApproachandAvoidanceMotivationtoincludebothantecedentsandoutcomessimultaneouslytoimproveupontheunderstandingofachievementmotivationinsport,exercise,andphysicalactivitysettings.

简介：Diabetesisaleadingchronicdiseaseofchildhoodandadolescence.Inadditiontothewell-knownauto-immune,insulin-dependentdiabetesmellitus(type1diabetes(T1D)),thepasttwodecadeshavewitnessedtheemergenceoftype2diabetes(T2D)inchildrenandadolescents,whichpreviouslywasonlyseeninmiddle-agedorolderadults.Oneofthekeycomponentsofdiabetesmanagementisphysicalactivity(PA).ThebeneficialeffectsofincreasedPAanddecreasedsedentarybehaviorareextremelyimportantinyouthwithdiabetesbecauseofthemarkedlyincreasedlong-termriskofcardiovasculardiseaseinthispopulationcomparedtopersonswithoutdiabetes.Thisreviewaimstocomprehensivelysummarizetheepidemiologic,observationalresearchpublishedandlistedinPubMedbetween1970and2012onPAandsedentarybehaviors,aswellasphysicalfitnessinchildrenandadolescentswithTIDandT2D.Additionally,wedescribebrieflythestateofknowledgeonperceivedbarriersofPAinpersonswithdiabetes,withafocusonhypoglycemia.Finally,weprovideanoverviewoftheepidemiologicalliteraturepertainingtohealthbenefitsofincreasedPAinyouthwithTIDandT2Dandbrieflydiscussthetopicofexercise-relatedhypoglycemia.