简介:Anewfinitedifferencescheme-SCSDschemehasbeenpropsedbasedonCD(CentralDifference)schemeandSUD(Second-orderUpwindDifference)scheme.Itsbasicfeatureiscontrollableconvectivestabilityandalwayssecond-orderaccuracy(Stability-ControllableSecond-orderDifference),IthasbeenproventhatthisSchemeisconvective-StableifthegridPecletnumber|PΔ|≤2/β(0≤β≤1).TheadvantageofthisnewschemehasbeendiscussedbasedonthemodifiedwavenumberanalysisbyusingFouriertransform.Thisschemehasbeenappliedtothe2-Dincompressibleconvective-diffusiveequationand2-DcompressibleEulerequation,andcorrespondingfinitedifferenceequationshavebeenderived.Numericalexamplesof1-DBurgersequationand2-Dtransportequationhavebeenpresentedtoshowitsgoodaccuracyandcontrollableconvectivestability.
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简介:ALaplacedecompositionalgorithmisadoptedtoinvestigatenumericalsolutionsofaclassofnonlinearpartialdiferentialequationswithnonlineartermofanyorder,utt+auxx+bu+cup+du2p1=0,whichcontainssomeimportantequationsofmathematicalphysics.Threedistinctinitialconditionsareconstructedandgeneralizednumericalsolutionsaretherebyobtained,includingnumericalhyperbolicfunctionsolutionsanddoublyperiodicones.Illustrativefiguresandcomparisonsbetweenthenumericalandexactsolutionswithdiferentvaluesofpareusedtotesttheefciencyoftheproposedmethod,whichshowsgoodresultsareachieved.
简介:Thedoubleconstraintequationsintheself-dualgravitationaltheorycontainingthecosmologicaltermarederivedin3+1gravity.Furthermore,inordertodeeplystudytheLorentzianandEuclideanrealityconditionsforthistheory,therelationsbetweenconstraintsarediscussedbyintroducingthedoubleconstantconformaltransformationandthedoublecomplexfunctionmethod.
简介:Anenvironmentallyfriendlyprecursor,adenosine,hasbeenusedasadualsourceofCandNtosynthesizenitrogen-dopedcarboncatalystwith/withoutFe.Ahydrothermalcarbonizationmethodhasbeenusedandwateristhecarbonizationmedia.Themorphologyofsampleswith/withoutFecomponenthasbeencomparedbyHRTEM,andtheresultshowsthatFecanpromotethegraphitizationofcarbon.Furtherelectro-chemicaltestshowsthattheoxygenreductionreaction(ORR)catalyticactivityofFe-containingsample(C–FeN)ismuchhigherthanthatoftheFe-freesample(C–N).Additionally,theintermediatesofC–FeNformedduringeachsyntheticprocedurehavebeenthoroughlycharacterizedbymultiplemethods,andthefunctionofeachprocedurehasbeendiscussed.TheC–FeNsampleexhibitshighelectro-catalyticstabilityandsuperiorelectro-catalyticactivitytowardORRinalkalinemedia,withitshalf-wavepotential20mVlowerthanthatofcommercialPt/C(40wt%).Itisfurtherincorporatedintoalkalinepolymerelectrolytefuelcell(APEFC)asthecathodematerialandledtoapowerdensityof100mW/cm~2.
简介:Variousagriculturalcropresiduesincludingcornstover,corncob,andsorghumstalkwithamoisturecontentof75wt%weresubjectedtoalongpretreatment(12-60h)withsupercriticalCO2(scCO2),atlowtemperature(50-80℃)andapressureof17.5-25.0Mpa.Thesugaryieldsfromtheenzymatichydrolysis(EH)ofthepretreatedsampleswereasmuchasthree-tofourfoldgreaterthanthoseaffordedbytherawmaterials.However,whenpretreatmentwasconductedwithinashorttime(e.g.0.5h),aspreviouslyreportedintheliterature,onlyaslightincreaseintheEHsugaryieldswasobserved.TheproposedscCO2pretreatmentmechanismdemonstratedtheroleofmoistureinthesystem.Wetting,softening,andswellingwereobservedtomainlyaffectthelignocellulosewhenasuitableamountofwaterwasadded.Finally,thesampleswereanalysedbyX-raydiffractionandscanningelectronmicroscopy,beforeandafterpretreatment,toinvestigatethechangesinthemicroscopicstructureofthebiomass.
简介:Anovelgas-phaseelectrocatalyticcellcontainingalow-temperatureprotonexchangemembrane(PEM)wasdevelopedtoelectrochemicallyconvertCO2intoorganiccompounds.TwodifferentCu-basedcathodecatalysts(CuandCu-C)werepreparedbyphysicalvapordepositionmethod(sputtering)andsubsequentlyemployedforthegas-phaseelectroreductionofCO2atdifferenttemperatures(70-90℃).ThepreparedelectrodesCuandCu-CwerecharacterizedbyX-raydiffraction(XRD),X-rayphotoemissionspectroscopy(XPS)andscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM).Asrevealed,CuispartiallyoxidizedonthesurfaceofthesamplesandtheCuandCu-Ccathodiccatalystswerecomprisedofaporous,continuous,andhomogeneousfilmwithnanocrystallineCuwithagrainsizeof16and8nm,respectively.Theinfluenceoftheappliedcurrentandtemperatureontheelectro-catalyticactivityandselectivityofthesematerialswasinvestigated.Amongthetwoinvestigatedelectrodes,thepureCucatalystfilmshowedthehighestCO2specificelectrocatalyticreductionratesandhigherselectivitytomethanolformationcomparedtotheCu-Celectrode,whichwasattributedtothehigherparticlesizeoftheformerandlowerCuO/Curatio.Theobtainedresultsshowpotentialinterestforthepossibleuseofelectrical「enewableenergyforthetransformationofCO2intovaluableproductsusinglowmetalloadingCubasedelectrodes(0.5mgCucm2)preparedbysputtering.
简介:Carbon-supportedPdnanoparticleswerepreparedbymicrowaveheating-glycolreductionmethod,andcharacterizedbyawidearrayofexperimentaltechniquesincludingX-raydiffractionspectroscopy(XRD)andtransmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM).TheelectrooxidationbehaviorsofethanolonthePd/Celectrodeinalkalinemediawereinvestigatedusingcyclicvoltammetry(CV),chronoamperometry(CA),electrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy(EIS)andsinglecellperformancemethods.Pd/Celectrodeforethanoloxidationshowedhighelectro-catalyticactivityandlongtermstability.However,itisobservedthatthecurrentdensitydecreaseswiththeincreasingofthepotentialandnegativeimpedancepresentsinthepotentialfrom-0.1to0.1V.Thedecreasingcurrentdensityandthenegativeimpedancecouldbeduetotheadsorbedintermediatesspeciesthatinhibitedthefurtheroxidationofethanol.BasedonthechemicalreactionanalysisandEISspectra,equivalentcircuitsrelatingtovariouspotentialzoneshavebeenobtained.TheseresultsrevealthedynamicadsorptionofintermediatesspeciesonPdsurfaces.Significantly,itisclarifiedthattheadsorptionbehaviorbeginsfromthemaximumcatalysisofelectro-catalysisandendsintheformationofthepalladium(II)oxidelayerontheelectrodesurface.
简介:TheCprogramminglanguageisexpressiveandflexible,butnotsafe;asitsexpressivepowerandflexibilityareobtainedthroughunsafelanguagefeatures,andimproperuseofthesefeaturescanleadtoprogrambugswhosecausesarehardtoidentify.SinceCiswidelyused,anditisimpracticaltorewriteallexistingCprogramsinsafelanguages,sowaysmustbefoundtomakeCprogramssafe.ThispaperdealswiththeunsafefeaturesofCandpresentsasurveyonexistingsolutionstomakeCprogramssafe.Wehavestudiedbinary-levelinstrumentationtools,sourcecheckers,source-levelinstrumentationtoolsandsafedialectsofC,andpresentacomparisonofdifferentsolutions,summarizedthestrengthsandweaknessesofdifferentclassesofsolutions,andshowmeasuresthatcouldpossiblyimprovetheaccuracyoralleviatetheoverheadofexistingsolutions.
简介:Basedonafirstordernonlinearordinarydifferentialequationwithatmostasixth-degreenonlineartermwhichisextendedfromatypeofellipticequation,andbyconvertingitintoanewexpansionform,thispaperproposesanewalgebraicmethodtoconstructexactsolutionsfornonlinearevolutionequations.Beingconciseandstraightforward,themethodisappliedtomodifiedBenjamin-Bona-Mahony(mBBM)model,andsomenewexactsolutionstothesystemareobtained.Thealgorithmisofimportantsignificanceinexploringexactsolutionsforothernonlinearevolutionequations.
简介:ThefirststarsintheearlyUniversewereformedabout400millionyearsafterthebigbang.VerificationoftheexistenceofthesestarsisimportantforourunderstandingoftheevolutionoftheUniverse[1].IthasbeenpredictedthatforPopulation-IIIstellarproductionyields,theabundancesofodd-Zelementsareremarkablydeficientcomparedtotheiradjacenteven-Zelements[2].Astronomersaresearchingforlong-lived,lowmassstarswiththeuniquenucleosyntheticpatternmatchingthepredictedyields[3].