简介：Theannualseriesofδ13CweremeasuredintreeringsofthreeCryptomeriafortuneidisks(CF-1,CF-2,andCF-3)collectedfromWestTianmuMountain,ZhejiangProvince,China,accordingtocross-datingtreeringages.Therewasnoobviousdecreasingtrendoftheδ13CannualtimeseriesofCF-2before1835.However,from1835to1982thethreetreeringδ13Cannualseriesexhibitedsimilardecreasingtrendsthatweresignificantly(P≤0.001)correlated.Thedistributioncharacteristicsofascatterdiagrambetweenestimatedδ13CseriesofCF-2frommodelingandtheatmosphericCO2concentrationextractedfromtheLawDomeicecorefrom1840to1978wereanalyzedandacurvilinearregressionequationforreconstructingatmosphericCO2concentrationwasestablishedwithR2=0.98.Also,atestofindependentsamplesindicatedthatbetween1685and1839thereconstructedatmosphericCO2concentrationusingtheδ13CseriesofCF-2hadacloserelationshipwiththeLawDomeandSipleicecores,withastandarddeviationof1.98.ThegeneralincreasingtrendofthereconstructedatmosphericCO2concentrationcloselyreflectedthelong-termvariationofatmosphericCO2concentrationrecordedbothbeforeandaftertheIndustrialRevolution.Between1685and1840theevaluatedatmosphericCO2concentrationwasstable,butafter1840itexhibitedarapidincrease.Givenalongerδ13Cannualtimeseriesoftreerings,itwasfeasibletorebuildarepresentativetimeseriestodescribetheatmosphericCO2concentrationforanearlierperiodandforyearsthatwerenotintheicecorerecord.

简介：Aerobicstaticpilecomposting(mechanicalturningevery3days)ofpigmanurewaspreparedat8m3windrowheaps.Sawdustwasusedasthebulkingagenttoprovideadditionalcarbonandtoincreasetheporosityofthesubstrate.TwotreatmentsatinitialC/Nratiosof30and15,respectively,weredesignedinthestudy.Dissolvedorganiccarbon(DOC),solubleNH4+-N,C/Nratiosinsolidandaqueousphases,E4/E6ratios,andseedgerminationindex(GI)weredeterminedtoevaluatethematurityoftheco-composts.Seedgerminationindex,abiologicalparameter,wassuggestedasoneofthemostreliablematurityindicatorsfororganiccompost.TheresultsshowedthatthetreatmentattheinitialC/Nratioof30reachedmaturityafter49daysofcomposting;however,thetreatmentattheinitialC/Nratioof15shouldrequirecompostingtimeoflongerthan63daystoobtainmaturation.Chemicalmulti-indicatorevaluationwasnecessary,andtheGImeasurementwastherecommendedapproachformaturityevaluationinthestudy.

简介：为了使基于人工模拟降雨装置的水土保持试验更可靠,采用人工降雨试验方法,通过研究QYJY-503C人工模拟降雨装置的降雨特性,探讨该装置在水土保持科学试验中的适用性。结果表明：1）雨滴达到终速时雨滴-色斑直径的关系为d=0.3839D0.709;2）QYJY-503C人工模拟降雨装置有效降雨均匀度超过80%;3）在试验范围内,雨滴直径随降雨强度增大而增大,雨滴中数直径与降雨强度呈d50=0.5595I0.2805的幂函数关系,相同降雨强度条件下的雨滴直径较天然雨滴偏小20%~70%;4）降雨动能与降雨强度呈E=0.0042I-0.021的线性关系,可通过控制降雨强度实现降雨动能与天然降雨的相似性;5）QYJY-503C人工模拟降雨装置性能稳定、可控性强,可适用于室内土壤侵蚀的研究。

简介：Thechloroformfumigation-incubationmethowasusedtomeasurthesoilmicrobialbiomassC(SMBC)andN(SMBN)in16loessialsoilssampledfromAnsai,YongshouandYanglinginShaanxiProvince.TheSMBContentsinthesoilsrangedfrom75.9to301.0μgCg^-1withanaverageof206.μgCg^-1,accountingfor1.36%-6.24%ofthetotalsoilorganicCwithanaverageof3.07%,andtheSMBNcontentsfrom0.51to68.40μgNg^-1withanaverageof29.4μgNg^-1,accountingfor0.20%-5.65%ofthetotalNinthesoilswithanaverageof3.36%.AcloserelationshipwasfoundbetweenSMBCandSMBN,andtheybothwerepositivelycorrelatedwithtotalorganicC,totalN,NaOHhydrolizableNandmineralizableN.Theseresultsconfirmedthasoilmicrobialbiomasshadacomparativeroleinnutrientcyclesofsoils.

简介：Fivehumicfractionswereobtainedfromauniformly^15N-labelledsoilbyextractionwith0.1molL^-1Na4P2O7,0.1molL^-1NaOH,andHF/HCl-0.1molL^-1NaOH,consecutively,andanalyzedby^13Cand^15NCPMASNMR(crosspolarizationandmagicanglespinningnuclearmagneticresonace).Comparedwiththoseofnativesoilshumicfractionsstudiedasawholecontainedmorealkyls,methoxylsandO-alkyls,being27%-36%,17%-21%and36%-40%,respectively,butfeweraromaticsandcarboxyls(bein14%-20%and13%-90%,respectively),Amongthosehumicfractions,thehumicacid(HA)andfulvicacid(FA)extractedby0.1molL^-1Na4P2O7containedslightlymorecarboxylsthancorrespondinghumicfractionsextractedby0.1molL^-1NaOH,andtheHAextactedby0.1molL^-1NaOHaftertreatmentwithHF/HClcontainedtheleastaromaticsandcarboxyls.Thedistributionofnitrogenfunctionalgroupsofsoilhumicfractionsstudiedwasquitesimilartoeachotherandalsoquitesimilartothatofhumicfractionfromnativesoils.Morethan75%oftotalNineachfractionwasinamidefrom,with9%-13%presentasaromaticand/oraliphaticaminesandtheremainderasheerocyclicN.

简介：长汀水土流失治理成绩显著,下一步应全面推进治理模式的升级与拓展,本文从指导思想、原则以及宣传、预防、封育、机制、科技、领导等六条措施提出升级与拓展的对策.

简介：TheadsorptionkineticsofPb^2+ondifferentsoilsandmineralswithvariablechargeswasstudiedbythetwoion-selectiveelectrodetechniqueatdifferentpHandconcentrations.Theresultsshowedthatmorethan95%ofadsorptiononallthesamplesoccurredduringthefirst5minutes.Alladsorptiontime-dependentdatacouldfitthesurfacesecond-orderequationverywell.ThevaluesofXmweregoethite>kaolinite,andlatosol>redsoilatthesameinitialreactionconcentration.Thevaluesofkwerekaolinite>>goethite,andlatosol>redsoilatthesamereactionpHandinitialconcentration.ThehigherthesuspensionpH,thefastertheadsorptionoccurred.ThemeaningofXmgotbythetwoion-selectiveelectrodetechnique(onekindofbatchtechnique)wasdifferentfromthatbythemiscibledisplacementtechniqueinthattheformerwasonlytheequilibriumadsorptionamountatadefiniteconcentrationandpH,butthelatterwasalmostequaltotheadsorptioncapacityatadefinitepHwithmuchlessinfluenceofconcentration.OnePb^2+wassupposedtooccupytwoadsorptionsitesastheadsorptionmechanismisconcerned.

简介：航道改造升级项目不同于一般的建设类项目，其水土流失情况也有自身特点。本文以粤北地区2个航道改造升级工程水土保持方案为案例，归纳论述了粤北地区航道改造升级项目的水土流失特点、水土保持防治区划及其措施布局特点，以期为其他航道改造升级项目的水土流失防治提供科学参考。

简介：钴(公司)在自然地发生在重要数量存在锰(Mn)氧化物并且改变Mn氧化物晶体的生长。四分层的Mn氧化物，Na-buserite(Na公共汽车)并且三共同做从Mn的氧化准备的Na-buserite样品(哦)2与5%，10%，和20%Co/(Mn+公司)臼齿的比率(5Co-Na-bus，10Co-Na-bus，和20Co-Na-bus)，被用来准备todorokite，地球的表面上的普通Mn氧化物，把Mg2+/Co2+离子用作一个模板。结果证明todorokites能被交换Mg2+的非做的Na-buserite的倒流处理获得，三共同做在气压的Na-buserites。然而，todorokites的形成被交换Co2+的Na公共汽车，5Co-Na-bus，和10Co-Na-bus样品的倒流处理禁止。相反，todorokite被交换Co2+的20Co-Na-bus样品的倒流处理在气压下面获得。X光检查光电子光谱学分析证明做的公司在做的Na-buserites的MnO6层作为Co3+存在。在MnO6层的代替的Co3+的数量可以作为一个模板用Co2+离子在buserite的变换起一个关键作用到todorokite。

简介：ForestmanagementisexpectedtoinfluencesoilCO2efflux(FCO2)asaresultofchangesinmicroenvironmentalconditions,soilmicroclimate,androotdynamics.SoilFCO2ratewasmeasuredduringthegrowingseasonof2006inboththinningandnon-thinninglocationswithinstandsrangingfrom0to8yearsafterthemostrecentthinninginChinesefir(Cunninghamialanceolata(Lamb.)Hook)plantationsinHuitongEcosystemResearchStation,Hunan,China.SoiltemperatureandmoisturewerealsomeasuredtoexaminerelationshipsbetweenFCO2andsoilproperties.ForestthinningresultedinhugechangesinFCO2thatvariedwithtimesincecutting.Immediatelyfollowingharvest(year0)FCO2inthinningareaincreasedbyabout30%,declinedto20%–27%belowpre-cuttinglevelsduringyears4–6,andrecoveredtopre-cuttinglevelsat8yearspost-cutting.Asimilartemporalpattern,butwithsmallerchanges,wasfoundinnon-thinninglocations.TheinitialincreaseinFCO2couldbeattributedtoacombinationofrootdecay,soildisturbance,andincreasedsoiltemperatureingaps,whilethesubsequentdecreaseandrecoverytothedeathandgradualregrowthofactiveroots.StrongeffectsofsoiltemperatureandsoilwatercontentonFCO2werefound.ForestthinningmainlyinfluencedFCO2throughchangesintreerootrespiration,andthenetresultwasadecreaseinintegratedFCO2fluxthroughtheentirefellingcycle.

简介：从土壤表面的二氧化碳(CO2)的流动在陆上的生态系统介绍碳(C)周期的一个重要部件并且被很多个关於生命、不能生活的因素控制。以便更好在副热带的森林里理解土壤CO2流动(FCO2)的特征，土壤FCO2率在五种邻近的森林类型被确定(樟脑树森林，马森松森林，混合樟脑树和马森消瘦森林，中国香甜的口香糖森林，并且猛砍松森林)在在长沙的Tianjiling国家公园，湖南省在副热带的中国，从1月到2010年12月。土壤温度(Tsoil)的影响，容量的土壤浇内容(土壤)，玷污pH，玷污器官的碳(SOC)并且玷污土壤FCO2率上的C/nitrogen(N)比率也被调查。年度吝啬的土壤FCO2率与森林类型变化了。土壤FCO2率在樟脑树森林里是最高的(3.53瑮楲畢楴湯?潴琠敨猠楯??中?湡?桴瑡倠?灡汰捩瑡潩?污潳愠捣汥牥瑡摥???牴湡晳牯慭楴湯椠?潳汩猠飼?飼吗？？

简介：Natural^15NabundancemethodwasusedinthisstudytoinvestigatetheN2-fiingcapacitiesofseveralherbaceousandshrublegumesbyafieldexperiment,Forherbaceouslegumes,theresultswereinconsistentwiththoseobtainedbyapotexperiment.CrotalariamucronataDesv.hadahigher,N2-fixingcapacitythanVignasinensis(L.)Savi.Forshurublegumes,N2-fixingCapacityunderfieldconditionwasslightlydifferentfromthatinpotexperiment.Theseresultsdemonstratedthatthenatural^15NabundancemethodwasapplicabletoevaluatingN2-fixingcapacitiesofherbaceousandshrublegumes,andthatpotexperimentwassuitableforevaluatingtheN2-fixingcapacitiesofnotonlyherbaceouslegumesbutalsoshrublegumes.LeguminousN2-fixingplantsdifferedinresponsetophosphorusfertilization,Phosphorusfertilizerappicationgreatlyincreasedthepercentageofnitrogenderivedfromair(%Ndfa)andtotalamountofN2fixedbyLespedezformosa(Vog.)Koehne(Jiangxi),PhosphorusfertilizershowednosignifcanteffectontheN2-fixingpercentageofCajanuscajan(L.)Millsp.butincreaseditstotalbiomass,thusincreasingthetotalamountofN2fixed.

简介：AfieldexperimentwasconductedonChinesecabbage(BrassicacampestrisL.ssp.pekinensis(Lour.)Olsson)inaNanjingsuburbin2003.Theexperimentincluded4treatmentsinarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwith3replicates:zerochemicalfertilizerN(CK);ureaatratesof300kgNha-1(U300)and600kgNha-1(U600),bothasbasalandtwotopdressings;andpolymer-coatedureaatarateof180kgNha-1(PCU180)asabasalapplication.Theacetyleneinhibitiontechniquewasusedtomeasuredenitrification(N2+N2O)fromintactsoilcoresandN2Oemissionsintheabsenceofacetylene.ResultsshowedthatcomparedtoCKtotaldenitrificationlossesweresignificantlygreater(P≤0.05)inthePCU180,U300,andU600treatments,whileN2OemissionsintheU300andU600treatmentsweresignificantlyhigher(P≤0.05)thanCK.IntheU300andU600treatmentspeaksofdenitrificationandN2OemissionwereusuallyobservedafterNapplication.Inthepolymer-coatedureatreatment(PCU180)duringtheperiod20to40daysaftertransplanting,higherdenitrificationratesandN2Ofluxesoccurred.Comparedwithurea,polymer-coatedureadidnotshowanyeffectonreducingdenitrificationlossesandN2OemissionsintermsofpercentageofappliedN.Astemperaturegraduallydecreasedfromtransplantingtoharvest,denitrificationratesandN2Oemissionstendedtodecrease.Asignificant(P≤0.01)positivecorrelationoccurredbetweendenitrification(r=0.872)orN2Oemission(r=0.781)fluxdensitiesandsoiltemperatureintheCKtreatmentwithastablenitratecontentduringthewholegrowingseason.

简介：Aridsoilswherewaterandnutrientsarescarceoccupyover30%oftheEarth’stotalsurface.However,themicrobialautotrophyintheharshenvironmentsremainslargelyunexplored.Inthisstudy,theabundanceanddiversityofautotrophicbacteriawereinvestigated,byquantifyingandprofilingthelargesubunitgenesofribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase/oxygenase(RuBisCO)formI(cbbL)responsibleforCO2fixation,inthearidsoilsunderthreetypicalplanttypes(Haloxylonammodendron,Cleistogeneschinensis,andReaumuriasoongorica)inNorthwestChina.Thebacterialcommunitiesinthesoilswerealsocharacterizedusingthe16SrRNAgene.Abundanceofred-likeautotrophicbacteriarangedfrom3.94×105to1.51×106copiesg-1drysoilandthoseofgreen-likeautotrophicbacteriarangedfrom1.15×106to2.08×106copiesg-1drysoil.Abundanceofbothred-andgreen-likeautotrophicbacteriadidnotsignificantlydifferamongthesoilsunderdifferentplanttypes.TheautotrophicbacteriaidentifiedwiththecbbLgeneprimerweremainlyaffiliatedwithAlphaproteobacteria,Betaproteobacteriaandanunculturedbacterialgroup,whichwerenotdetectedinthe16SrRNAlibrary.Inaddition,25.9%and8.1%ofthe16SrRNAgeneswereaffiliatedwithCyanobacteriainthesoilsunderH.ammodendronandR.soongorica,respectively.However,noCyanobacteria-affiliatedcbbLgenesweredetectedinthesamesoils.TheresultssuggestedthatmicrobialautotrophicCO2fixationmightbesignificantinthecarboncyclingofaridsoils,whichwarrantsfurtherexploration.

简介：左长清，男，汉族，生于1956年1月，湖南省衡阳市人，教授级高级工程师。1981年底毕业于中南林学院林学系，1982年分配到江西省水利厅从事水土保持管理工作。1989年12月调至江西省水土保持科学研究所工作，现任江西省水土保持科学研究所党支部书记、所长，兼任江西省科学技术协会理事、江西省水土保持学会秘书长、江西省农业工程学会副理事长、江西省农业大学兼职教授等职。

简介：Biochar是生物资源热分解获得并且考虑了碳隐遁的一个平均数的一个充满碳的产品。在这研究，从食物与农业科学的学院的农场的沙的石灰质的土壤，绍德国王大学，沙特阿拉伯，与也被修改Conocarpus直立的L的木质的废物。(CW)或biochar(BC)以0的率(控制)从CW生产了，10，30和50gkg−1。土壤pH，溶解的器官的碳(文档)，微生物引起的生物资源碳(MBC)，公司2排放和新陈代谢的商上的修正案的效果(沙的石灰质的土壤的qCO2)在一个60-d孵化实验被学习。结果证明CW的增加与控制和BC的增加相比在土壤pH导致了重要减少。公司2-C排放率比孵化时间什么时候进行在孵化的开始几天内是更高的。特别以更高的率，从与CW修改的土壤的累积公司2-C排放更高(近似到6褶层的3-)与BC从控制和土壤比那修改了。修改BC的土壤证明因为与非修改的土壤，而是累积公司2-C的增加相比排放不在孵化的60d以后是重要的，公司2-C排放的重要增加在孵化的第一天期间评价。在另一方面，CW应用比控制和BC应用导致了更加更高累积的公司2-C排放，MBC和文档。与0白天的异常(在孵化的1h以后)，导致的CW和BC应用程序作为与控制相比降低qCO2的值。力量功能运动模型令人满意地描述了累积公司2-C排放。通常，公司2排放的最低价值与BC在土壤被观察，建议到公司2排放的BC的贡献作为与CW的相比很小。

简介：与一个改编微生物引起的社区接种土壤比有在bioremediation的纯紧张的接种是一条更有效的bioaugmentation途径。然而，从有在土壤补习改变污染层次和污染历史的地点的不同inocula的潜力的信息正在缺乏。学习的目的是在土壤inocula调查改编微生物的潜力，与不同污染层次和污染历史，到降级1,2,4-trichlorobenzene(1,2,4-TCB)。从污染chlorobenzene的地点的三不同土壤被接种进农业土壤和与1,2,4-TCB刺的土壤暂停文化。结果证明36.52%开始应用的1,2,4-TCB在非接种的土壤是在场的，而大约19.00%1,2,4-TCB在在28天孵化以后与污染土壤接种的农业土壤是在场的。与改编微生物引起的生物资源接种的土壤(在土壤inocula)比非接种的土壤显示出更高的呼吸和更低的1,2,4-TCB挥发，建议1,2,4-TCB的存在在为接种使用的污染土壤改编了degraders。它进一步在污染土壤暂停文化被证实无机的氯化物离子的集中在全部试验性的时期上连续地增加了。更高的降级潜力带到不仅而且到更高的残余形成的inocula的更高的污染。然而，甚至低级污染的inocula在提高1,2,4-TCB的降级是有效的。因此，适用改编了在土壤形式的微生物特别与更低的污染层次，inocula能是为土壤补习的有效、环境友好的策略。

简介：采用集水区对比分析方法，探讨凉水国家级自然保护区不同森林类型对溪流水化学特征的影响。结果表明：保护区内各集水区溪流水均呈弱酸性至中性；主要离子中阳离子均以Ca^2＋的质量浓度最高，Na^＋次之，阴离子均以HCO3^-的质量浓度最高，SO4^2-次之；不同集水区溪流水中TP月平均质量浓度为0．031—0．077μg/L，TN为0．682-0．942mg／L，NO3^-N的质量浓度高于NW4^＋-N；Fe的月平均质量浓度为0．030-0．037mg／L，Mn为0．010～0．012mg/L。溪流水化学季节变化规律表现为：除HCO3^-、SO4^2-、Ca^2＋、Fe和Mn外，其他元素在融雪期（4、5月）含量均较高；大多数元素在雨季的质量浓度比9月份低，而TN、TP、Fe、Mn表现为9月份的质量浓度低于雨季。保护区内原始阔叶红松林集水区溪流水质为最优，其他研究集水区溪流中的溶解物质含量增高，但除TP和SO4^2-（P〈0．05）外，差异性均不显著。说明凉水国家级自然保护区内虽进行过森林采伐和人工造林等人为干扰，但对于溪流水质并没有显著影响。

简介：Anopen-topchamberexperimentwasconductedattheUniversityofMichiganBiologicalStationnearPellston,Michigan,USA,tostudytheeffectsofsoilfertilityandCO2onleaf,stemandrootdarkrespiration(Rd)ofPopulustremuloides.Overall,area-baseddaytimeleafRd(Rda)wassignificantlygreateratelevatedthanatambientCO2inhigh-fertilitysoil,butnotinlow-fertilitysoil.Mass-basedleafRd(Rdm)wasoverallgreaterforhigh-thanforlow-fertilitysoilgrowntreesatelevated,butnotatambientCO2.NighttimeleafRdaandRdmwereunaffectedbysoilfertilityorCO2,norwasstemRda,whichrangedfrom1.0to1.4μmolm-2s-1inthespringand3.5to4.5μmolm-2s-1inthesummer.RootRdawassignificantlyhigherinhigh-thaninlow-fertilitysoil,butwasunaffectedbyCO2.SincebiomassproductionofP.tremuloideswillbesignificantlygreateratelevatedCO2whilespecificRdwilleitherincreaseorremainunchanged,wepredictthatcarbonlosstotheatmospherethroughrespirationfromthisecologicallyimportantspecieswouldincreaseathigherCO2.SoilfertilitywouldalsointeractwithelevatedCO2inaffectingthecarbonflowintheplant-soil-airsystem.

简介：PotexperimentswerecarriedouttoestimateN2fixationbyvetch,milkvetch,sicklealfalfaandbroadbeaninpurestandusinga^15N-labelledsoil.Winterwheatwasusedasthenon-fixingcontrol.The15N-labelledsoilusedwaspreparedbygrowingcorn-wheat-cornsuccessivelyonanearlyorganic-matter-freeXiashuloesssupplementedwithadequateamountsof(15NH4)2SO4,P,Kandmicronutrients,thenincorporatingthese15N-labelledplantmaterialsintothesoilaftereachhavest,andallowingtheplantmaterialstobedecomposedaerobicallyfor410dafterincorporationoftheplantmaterialofthethirecrop.The15Nenrichmentofwheatplant-Nvariedslightlywithorgans,withamaximumdifferenceof9.8%,Basedon15NenrichmentofsoilNinferredfromthemeanvalueofthe15Nenrichmentindifferentorgansofwheat79%-91%oftotalNinthetopsand67%-74%oftotalNintherootsoflegumesstudiedwerederivedfromatmosphere.EstimatebyisotopedilutionmethodwasingoodagreementwiththatbytheconventionaldifferencemethodprovidedvaluesobtainedbythelatterwerecorrectedforseedN,andalsowiththatfromthemeasurementofNaccumulatedinthetopsofthelegumes.