简介：Stochasticfrontierproductionfunctionapproachisadopted,93farmersampleshavebeencollected,pureefficiency,technicalefficiency,technicalchangeandscaleefficiencyandtheinstitutionalcontributionhavebeencalculated.Theresultsindicatedthatincreasingproductivityisthesolemeasurementtoreducepoverty,institutionandtechnicalchangearethetwokeyfactors.Therefore,stableinstitution,improvingtechnicalchangesarerequired.Atpresent,itisurgenttomaketechnicalprogre...

简介：Asadevelopingcountrywithalargepopulationandafragileecologicalenvironment,Chinaisparticularlyvulnerabletotheadverseeffectsofclimatechange.BeginningwiththeRioConferenceof1992Chinahasplayedaprogressivelyenhancedroleincombatingclimatechange.Aseriesofpoliciesandmeasurestoaddressclimatechangehavebeentakenintheoverallcontextofnationalsustainabledevelopmentstrategy,makingpositivecontributionstothemitigationandadaptationtoclimatechange,among...

简介：Basedonmeteorological,hydrological,forest,andgrasslanddatacollectedbylocationobservation,remotesensing,fieldsurveysandrelevantliteratureduring1956to2009,theecologicalenvironmentchangeinnorthernslopeoftheQilianshanMountainswasanalyzedsyntheticallyusingregressionandcorrelationanalyses.Theresultsshowedthatthetemperaturehadanannualvariationrateof0.0334℃·a-1innorthernslopeoftheQilianshanMountainssince1960,andexhibitedaraisingtrend,especiallysince1987.Theannualvariationrateofannualprecipitationwas0.5702mm·a-1,indicatingthattheprecipitationtendedtoincrease.Theclimatehadchangedfromaridtohumidinthisregionsince1976.From1956to2006,theglacierareaofsixinlandriverbasin（Shiyangheriver,Heiheriver,Beidaheriver,Shuleheriver,DangheriverandHalternheriver）andDatongheriverbasininnorthernslopeofQilianshanmountainsdecreasedby17.7%.Thicknessoftheglacierreducedabout5-20m,andthesnowlineroseabout100-140m.TheGlaciericereservesininlandriverbasinofHexidecreasedby11.4%.From1972to2007,27glaciersintheeasternsectionoftheQilianshanMountainsdisappeared.From1956to2009,therunoffchangeinthenorthernslopeoftheQilianshanMountainswasdifferentindifferentregions.TherunoffwasreducedsignificantlyinShiyangheriverbasin,increasedslightlyinHeiheriverbasin,andincreasedobviouslyinShuleheriverbasin.From1958to1988,theareaofdeforestationandfarmingwasmorethan10.0millionha,andtheforestareawasreduced0.6millionha.SincetheQilianshanMountainNatureReservewasestablishedin1989,theforestwasrestoringgraduallybecauseofcontinualprotectionandcultivating,andtheforestareawasincreased9.4millionhafrom1989to2008.Duetohumaninterference,especiallyover-grazingimpact,thequalityofthewood-land,shrub-landandgrass-landinnorthernslopeoftheQilianshanMountainswereinadegradedcondition,whichre

简介：Forestryandforestecosystemarehighlysensitivetoclimatechange.Atpresent,studiesabouttheresponsesofforeststoclimatechangeinChinaaremorefocusedonphysicalinfluencesofclimatechange.Thispaperfirstlydividedthekeyimpactfactorsofclimatechangeonforestandforestrydevelopingintodirectfactorsandindirectfactors,andthenmadeanassessmentonclimatechangeaffectingfutureforestrydevelopmentfromtheaspectofforestproductsandecologicalservices.Onthisbasis,theadap...

简介：Thepatternofprecipitation,includingprecipitationamount,frequencyandintensity,maychangeinthefutureaccordingtothepredictionofclimatechange.Inaridzones,thesoildynamics,plantgrowthandvegetationchange,desertificationandhydrologymightbeaffectedbyprecipitationchange.Ingeneral,theprecipitationinextremearidzoneandaridzoneshowedanincreasetendencywhereastheprecipitationinsomeareainsemi-aridzoneandsub-humidaridzoneshowedadecreasetendency.Theincreaseofprecipitationcouldenhancethegrowthofbiologicalsoilcrust,improvesoilwaterstatus,promoteplantgrowth,increasevegetationcoverage,facilitatethechangefromdesertvegetationtograsslandvegetation,anditisbenefittothereversionoflanddesertification.Inaddition,theincreaseofprecipitationcouldalsoincreasetheriverrunoff,lakestorageandpromotetheoccurrenceofflood,whilethedecreaseofprecipitationhastheadverseeffect.Thesestudieswillbenefitthepredictionofthepossibleresponseofecosystemprocessestothepotentialchangeofprecipitationpatterninaridzonesinthefuture,anditisimportanttotheconservationofnaturalvegetationandthecontrolofdesertification.Morefieldexperimentsandstudiesshouldbeconductedinthefuture,includingtheeffectofincreasedprecipitationortemperature,nitrogendepositionandCO2onsoil,vegetation,desertificationandhydrologyofaridzones,soasthemorepersuasiveresultscouldbeobtainedfromtheseexperimentsandstudies.

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简介：TenhealthytreespecieswithregularmanagementwereselectedonthecampusofBeijingForestryUniversity,andtheybelongtotalltree,shrubandliana,respectively.Waterpotentialandhydraulicarchitectureparametersofone-year-oldtwigsweremeasuredinsunnydayinthelasttendaysofMarchtothemiddletendaysofMayin2002.Theresultsshowthatthedailychangeinwaterpotentialoftreespeciesexaminedappearsconvex,i.e.thewaterpotentialishigherinthemorningandevening,and...

简介：Theauthorsreviewedthepreviousresearchresultsaboutthecolorchangesinheattreatedwood,anddeeplyanalyzedtheeffectofheattreatmentmethodandparametersincludingtemperatureandtimeofheattreatment,speciesandchemicalcompositiononthecolorchangesinheattreatedwood.Therelationshipsbetweencolorchangesandchemicalcomposition,physicalandmechanicalpropertieswerefound.Theopticalstabilityofthecolorofheattreatedwoodwasstudied.Somesuggestionswereproposedforthefutureresearch.

简介：AspecialinterpolationprogramGREENhasbeendevelopedtodeterminetheclimaticparametersforthedistributionregionofChinesepine(PinustabulaeformisCarr.)basedontheresearchesonthedistributionofthetreespecies.Thecentralregion,whichisthemostsuitabledistributionregion,andpotentialdistributionregionofthespeciesundercurrentclimaticconditionsweremappedusingaGeographicInformationSystemIDRISI.Accordingtotheaveragedpredictionsby5GCMsfor2030,aprojecti...

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简介：Background:ThefragilelandscapesoftheHimalayanregionarehighlysusceptibletonaturalhazards,andthereisongoingconcernaboutcurrentandpotentialclimatechangeimpacts.ThisstudyprovidesbackgroundinformationonIndia'sWesternHimalayasandreviewsevidenceofwarmingaswellasvariabilityinprecipitationandextremeevents.Methods:UnderstandingandanticipatingtheimpactsofclimatechangeonHimalayanforestecosystemsandtheservicestheyprovidetopeoplearecritical.Effortstodevelopandimplementeffectivepoliciesandmanagementstrategiesforclimatechangemitigationandadaptationrequiresparticularnewresearchinitiatives.Thevariousstudiesinitiatedandconductedintheregionarecompiledhere.Results:SeveralnewinitiativestakenbytheHimalayanForestResearchInstituteinShimlaaredescribed.Thisincludesnewpermanentobservationalfieldstudies,somewithmappedtrees,inhighaltitudetransitionalzonesforcontinuousmonitoringofvegetationresponse.WehavealsopresentednewstrategiesformitigatingpotentialclimatechangeeffectsinHimalayanforestecosystems.Conclusions:AssessmentoftheecologicalandgeneticdiversityoftheHimalayanconifersisrequiredtoevaluatepotentialresponsestochangingclimaticconditions.Conservationstrategiesfortheimportanttemperatemedicinalplantsneedtobedeveloped.TheimpactofclimatechangeoninsectsandpathogensintheHimalayasalsoneedtobeassessed.Coordinatedeffortsarenecessarytodevelopeffectivestrategiesforadaptationandmitigation.

简介：Climatechangeisthelargeststressfactorchallengingglobalterritorialecosystem.Thediscussiononlanddegradationcontrolinaridecosystemunderthecontextofclimatechangeforincreasingthecapacitytomitigateandadapttotheclimatechangeandgraduallyrestoringtheintegratedproductionpotentialoriginallypossessedbylandecosystemisapressingissuetoaddress.Thepaperanalyzedtheeffectofclimatechangeonlanddegradationinaridecosystem,anddescribedtheprotectionandrehabilitationofforest,grasslandandfarmlandecosystems,andtheenhancementoftheresponsetoclimatechangeandtheimprovementofpeople’slivelihoodfromtheviewpointofintegratedecosystemmanagement.Thisstudyisexpectedtoofferanewconceptforlanddegradationcontrolandsustainablemanagementofaridecosysteminthecontextofglobalclimatechange.

简介：在公孙树bilobaseeds的内乳的蛋白质多肽的动态变化被SDS页和二维的胶化电气泳动(2-DE)在种子萌芽期间学习。结果证明在公孙树biloba的内乳的80种蛋白质点是在2-DE光谱的clearobserved。蛋白质分子的重量在26的范围—52kD，和theirisoelectric点在5.8-7.8的范围。在种子萌芽期间，13类型ofproteins被降级，并且13种蛋白质被综合；7种蛋白质withdifferent分子的重量和35kD/pI6.8的等电位的点，31kD/pI6.8，29kD/pI6.8,33kD/pI6.6，33kD/pI6.4，34kD/pI7.7和31kD/pI7.7首先作为植物的storageproteins(VSP)被识别。

简介：Background:Theglobaldecreaseinwildlifepopulations,especiallybirds,ismainlyduetolandusechangeandincreasingintensityoflanduse(ParmesanandYohe2003).However,impactsofmanagementtoolstomitigatebiodiversitylossatregionalandglobalscalesarelessapparentinforestregionsthathaveaconstantforestarea,andwhichdidnotsufferfromhabitatdegradation,andwhereforestsaresustainablymanaged,suchasinCentralEuropeorthenortheasternUSA.AbiodiversityassessmentforGermanysuggested,forexample,thatbirdpopulationswereconstant(BundesamtfürNaturschutz2015).Results:Thisstudyshowsthatchangesintheenvironmentandinforestmanagementoverthepast45yearshavehadasignificant,positiveeffectontheabundanceofnon-migratoryforestbirdspeciesinCentralEurope.Economy(timberpricesandGDP),forestmanagement(timberharvestandmixedforestarea),andenvironmentalfactors(atmosphericCO2concentrationandnitrogendeposition)wereinvestigatedtogetherwithchangesinabundancesofmigratoryandnon-migratoryforestbirdsusingpartialleastsquarespathmodeling.Climatechange,resultinginlongerseasonsandmilderwinters,andforestmanagement,promotingtreediversity,weresignificantlypositivelyrelatedtotheabundanceofnon-migratoryforestbirdsandexplained92%ofthevariationintheirabundanceinEurope.Regionally-migratingforestbirdshadstablepopulationswithlargevariation,whilebirdsmigratingacrosscontinentsdeclinedinrecentdecades,suggestingsignificant,contrastingchangesinbirdpopulationsinEurope.InnortheasternNorthAmericawealsofoundevidencethatnon-migratoryforestshaveexperiencedlong-termincreasesinabundance,andthisincreasewasrelatedtomanagement.TheincreaseofpopulationsofnonmigratoryforestbirdsinEuropeandNorthAmericaisassociatedwithanincreaseinstructuraldiversityanddisturbancesatthelandscapelevel.Conclusions:Ourresultssuggestthatreportsaboutbirddecline

简介：Background:Monitoringthechangingpatternofvegetationacrossdiverselandscapesthroughremotesensingisinstrumentalinunderstandingtheinteractionsofhumanactivitiesandtheecologicalenvironment.LandusepatterninthestateofHimachalPradeshintheIndianWesternHimalayashasbeenundergoingrapidmodificationsduetochangingcroppingpatterns,risinganthropogenicpressureonforestsandgovernmentpolicies.WestudiedlandusechangeinSolanForestDivisionofHimachalPradeshtoassessspecieswiseareachangesintheforestsoftheregion.Methods:Thesupervisedclassification(Maximumlikelihood)ontwodatesofIRS(LISSIII)satellitedatawasperformedtoassesslandusechangeovertheperiod1998–2010.Results:Sevenlandusecategorieswereidentifiednamely,chirpine(Pinusroxburghii)forest,broadleavedforest,bamboo(Dendrocalamusstrictus)forest,banoak(Quercusleucotrichophora)forest,khair(Acaciacatechu)forest,culturableblankandcultivation.Theareaunderchirpine,cultivationandkhairforestsincreasedby191ha(4.55%),129ha(13.81%)and77ha(23.40%),whereastheareaunderbanoak,broadleaved,culturableblankandbamboodecreasedby181ha(16.58%),152ha(6.30%),71ha(2.72%)and7ha(0.47%),respectively.Conclusions:Thestudyrevealedadecreaseintheareaunderforestandculturableblankcategoriesandasimultaneousincreaseintheareaundercultivationprimarilyduetothelargescaleintroductionofhorticulturalcashcropsinthestate.Thecompositionofforestsalsoexhibitedsomemajorchanges,withanincreaseintheareaofcommerciallyimportantmonocultureplantationspeciessuchaspineandkhair,andadeclineintheareaofoak,broadleavedandbamboowhicharefacingahighanthropogenicpressureinmeetingthelivelihooddemandsofforestdependentcommunities.Intimedeforestation,forestdegradationandecologicalimbalancesduetothechangingforestspeciescompositionmayinflictirreversibledamagesuponunstableandfragilemountainzonessuchastheIndianH

简介：Background:Climatechangeislikelytocausesignificantmodificationsinforests.Risingtothischallengemayrequireadaptationofforestmanagement,andthereforeshouldtriggerproactivemeasuresbyforestmanagers,butitisuncleartowhatextentthisisalreadyhappening.Methods:ThesurveycarriedoutinthisresearchassesseshowforeststakeholdersinBelgiumperceivetheroleoftheirforestmanagementinthecontextofclimatechangeandtheimpedimentsthatlimittheirabilitytoprepareandrespondtothesechanges.Results:Respondentsindicatedstrongawarenessofthechangingclimate,withmorethantwo-thirds(71%)expressingconcernabouttheimpactsofclimatechangeontheirforests.However,lessthanone-thirdoftherespondents(32%)reportedmodifyingtheirmanagementpracticesmotivatedbyclimatechange.Amongthemajorconstraintslimitingtheirclimaterelatedactions,lackofinformationwasconsideredthemostimportantformanagersofbothpublicandprivateforests.Conclusions:Knowledgetransferisanessentialconditionforresearchtoleadtoinnovation.Improvingthecommunicationanddemonstrationofpossiblesolutionsforclimatechangeadaptationisthereforelikelytobethemosteffectivestrategyforincreasingtheiradoption.

简介：运用地理信息系统和遥感等手段，研究了北京市大兴县从５０年代至９０年代景观格局变化及其对土地荒漠化的影响．结果显示，从５０年代至９０年代，旱地和荒地的面积逐渐减少，水浇地、林地、菜地、果园和各类特殊用地的面积逐渐增加．景观多样性、均匀度和城市化指数不断上升，景观优势指数逐渐下降．大兴县景观斑块的形状比较简单，各斑块的分维数较低，不同斑块的分维数的差异较小．由于自然和人为干扰的双重影响，从５０年代至９０年代，大兴县的景观格局已经发生了根本的变化．伴随着这些变化，该县的生态环境和整体面貌发生了明显的改变，土地荒漠化得到了控制，生态环境有了很大改善．

简介：Globalclimatechangehascausedphenologychangeofvegetation.Thisisespeciallyobviousinurbanarea.ThispaperrevealsresponsemechanismofspringphenologyofmaingymnosperminHarbinCitypropertoclimatechangebasedonrelationshipstudybetweentwotypicalphenophases(beginningofbudburstandbeginningofleafexpansion)ofKoreanpine(Pinuskoraiensis),Koyamaspruce(PiceakoraiensisNakai),needlefir(Abiesnephrolepis)andPinussylvestnisvar.mongolicaLitv.andthetemperatureofeveryten...

简介：Climatechangeisagreatconcernofvariouscountries,thepublicandsciencecommunity,andforestplaysanimportantroleinmitigatingclimatechange.ThepapermadeacomprehensiveanalysisregardingthepolicyselectionsofChinatopromoteforestryresponsetotheglobalclimatechange,andelaboratedtheconcreteactionsandachievementsinthisregard.Policyselectionsinclude:1)Reinforcetreeplantingandafforestation,increasetheforestedareaandenhancethecapacityofcarbonsequestration...

简介：Background:Forestmanagementfacesaclimateinducedshiftingrowthpotentialandincreasingcurrentandemergingnewrisks.Vulnerabilityanalysisprovidesdecisionsupportbasedonprojectionsofnaturalresourcestakingrisksanduncertaintiesintoaccount.Inthispaperwe(1)characterizedifferencesinforestdynamicsunderthreemanagementscenarios,(2)analysetheeffectsofthethreescenariosontworiskfactors,windthrowanddroughtstress,and(3)quantifytheeffectsandtheamountofuncertaintyarisingfromclimateprojectionsonheightincrementanddroughtstress.Methods:InfourregionsinnorthernGermany,weapplythreecontrastingmanagementscenariosandprojectforestdevelopmentunderclimatechangeuntil2070.Threeclimateruns(minimum,median,maximum)basedontheemissionscenarioRCP8.5controlthesite-sensitiveforestgrowthfunctions.Theminimumandmaximumclimaterundefinetherangeofprospectiveclimatedevelopment.Results:Theprojectionsofdifferentmanagementregimesuntil2070showthedivergingmedium-termeffectsofthinningsandharvestsandlong-termeffectsofspeciesconversiononaregionalscale.Examplesofwindthrowvulnerabilityanddroughtstressrevealhowadaptationmeasuresdependontheappliedmanagementpathandthedecision-maker’sriskattitude.Uncertaintyanalysisshowstheincreasingvariabilityofdroughtriskprojectionswithtime.Theeffectofclimateprojectionsonheightgrowtharequantifiedanduncertaintyanalysisrevealsthatheightgrowthofyoungtreesisdominatedbytheage-trendwhereastheclimatesignalinheightincrementofoldertreesisdecisive.Conclusions:Droughtriskisaseriousissueintheeasternregionsindependentoftheappliedsilviculturalscenario,butadaptationmeasuresarelimitedastheproportionofthemostdroughttolerantspeciesScotspineisalreadyhigh.Windthrowriskisnoseriousoverallthreatinanyregion,butadequatecounter-measuressuchasspeciesconversion,speciesmixtureorreductiono