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简介：Theeffectsofnitrogen,phosphorusandpotassiumapplicationlevel,seedrateandtransplantingdensityonthegrowthanddevelopmentofriceplantswerestudiedtofindoutnutrientstatusinhigh-yieldingriceplantsandtoincreasegrainyieldbyadequatefertilization.Therewasanequilibriumrelationshipamongnutrientelementsforhigh-yieldingriceplantpopulations.Theequilibriumindexofnutrientamount,contentanddistributioninhigh-yieldingriceplantsshouldbegenerallygreaterthan-2butlessthan2.Theoptimumnutritiveproportionofnitrogen:phosphorus:potassiumassimilatedbytheplantswasabout10:2:9attheripeningstage.Butthecontentandtheproportionvariedwiththegrowthstages,Therefore,thenutrientinriceplantpopulationsshouldbeinadynamicequilibrium.Soastoachievehighyield.

简介：理解在地志的索引和庄稼收益可变性之间的关系在卷风景为土壤管理和庄稼生产是重要的。在Alvena和赫本，的二块农业地萨克其万，加拿大被选择检验索引怎么地志与小麦产量在下面有关二地志并且在加拿大人的天气条件大草原。二个地点的风景作为圆丘般被分类，主导的土壤类型是AridicUstoll。在产量，地形学，土壤，和天气之中的关系用小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)被分析从在2001的Alvena(干燥的年)的谷物产量并且2004(湿年)并且从在1998的赫本(干燥的年)。Topographic/soil索引包括了相对举起，湿索引在斜坡长度上面，弯曲，土壤有机物，和在播种前的土壤潮湿存储。结果显示了那，在干燥的年里，关联系数在之间在斜坡上面，长度和谷物产量在1998为浅轻轻的滚动风景(赫本)在2001和0.73为典型滚动风景(Alvena)是0.79。在湿年(2004)里，在产量和topographic/soil属性之间的关系不象在干燥的年里一样强壮。因此，在斜坡上面，长度是为干燥的年里的二处风景的最好的收益指示物，而没有地志的索引高度被相关在湿年里收割产量。那些地志的索引在识别收益可变性并且描出似乎有用合适的管理地区。

简介：在在中国广泛地使用的父母行的各种各样的组之中比较杂种优势层次，在父母水池识别foundationalheterotic组并且理解在基因距离和杂种优势性能之间的关系，有广泛的基因变化的16父母行从各种各样的亚群被选择，，并且在中国的福建和海南省。主要结果如下：(1)16父母行能被组织进由1维护者亚群组成的7亚群和6restorer亚群；(2)restorer行的吝啬的谷物产量比维护者行的高，并且意味着父母行的产量比混合联合的高；(3)二个最好的heterotic模式是II-32A?瑣渠'?畭'站淬超嵃]瑩?湡?慦楴畧?桷汩?整瑸湩?湯愠琠畯档'涨脺＊e慭瑲桰湯e

简介：InordertoprovideascientificbasisforriceyieldestimationandimprovetheacouracyofyieldestimationinZhejiangProvince,Regionalizationindicesforriceyieldestimationbyremoesensing(RS)intheprovinceweredeterminedbyconsjderingthespecialfeaturesofyieldestimationbyRS,andbasedonanalysisofthenaturalconditionsofZhejiangProvince,Theindicesdeterminedincludedricecroppingsystem,agroclimate,landform,surfacefeaturesturctureandriceyieldlevel,wherericeplantingsystemwasconsideredasthemianone,ThenreionalizationfroriceyieldestimationbyRSwascompletedbyspatialneighboringanalysiswiththeGeographicalInfromationSystem(GIS)technologycombinedwithusigoftreealgorithmTheprovincewasdividedintotworegions,i.e.,thesingle-croppingriceregionwhichwassubdividedinto3regionsincludingthoseinmountainsofnorthewstZhejiang,waternetworkareaofnorthZhejiangandmountainsofsothZhejiang,anddouble-croppingriceregionwhichwassudividedinto5regionsincludingthoseonplainofnorthZhejiang,coastalplainsandhillsofsoutheastZhejiang,Jin-QuBasinofmiddleZhejiang,hillsofeastZhejiang,andhillsandmountainsofnorthewatZhejiang,thisregionaliztiontookthecountybordersastheregionboundaries,kepttheregionsconnectiveandmadetheadministrativregionsintegrityand,then,couldmeettherequirementsofriceyieldestimationbyRS,showingthattheresultswerequitesatisfying.

简介：Overaperiodoftwoyears,fieldexperimentswereconductedontwosiltyloamsoilsgrownwithfoursolanaceousvegetablecropsofeggplant(var.serpentinumBailey),tomato(var.communeBailey),sweetpepper(var.grossumBailey)andchilli(var.lengumBailey),respectively.Eachexperimentincludedfourtreatmentswithfromlowtohighdoses,0～450kgha-1foreggplant,tomatoandsweetpepper,and0～270kgha-1forchilli,ofKfertilizersintheformofsulfateofpotash(SOP)appliedtogetherwithNandPfertilizers.OneCKtreatmentwithoutK,NandPfertilizersappliedandonetreatmentofKfertilizerintheformofmuriateofpotash(MOP)appliedatthehighlevel(450kgha-i)togetherwithNandPfertilizerswereincludedintheexperimentsofeggplant,inordertocomparetheeffectsofSOPandMOP.ThefruityieldsofthetestedcropsincreasedsignificantlywiththeincreasingrateofKapplication.ThecropssuppliedwithKfertilizersyieldedmorestablyastheCV%oftheiryieldsdecreasedwiththerateofKapplication.ThedrymatterandvitaminCcontentsinfruitsoftomato,sweetpepperandchilli,andthesugarcontentandthetitratableacidityleveloftomatofruitswereincreased,andtheS/Aratio(ratioofsugarcontenttotitratableacidity)oftomatofruitsweredecreasedbyKfertilization,indicatingthatKfertilizationcouldimprovethefruitqualityofthesolanaceousvegetablecrops.However,thehighrateofKfertilizermightlowerthedrymatterandvitaminCcontentsoftomatofruitsandsweetpepperfruits.SOPwasmoreeffectivethanMOPinincreasingtheyieldandqualityofeggplantfruitsatthehighfertilizationrate;therefore,thechoiceofapplyingSOPmaybebetterforhighlevelsofKfertilization.

简介：Furtherimprovementofriceproductivityremainsachallenge.Breedingisperceivedasanimportantoptiontoincreasericeyield.However,thegeneticprogressofgrainyieldinmostricebreedingprogramswasslowinthelastdecades.Althoughgreatprogressinricegenomicsandmolecularbiologyhasbeenachieved,theeffectofsuchtechnologicalinnovationsonricebreedingisfarsmall.Markerassistedselection(MAS)forafewtargetquantitativetraitloci(QTLs)hassignificanteffectsinimprovingqualitativetraits,suchasdiseaseresistance.ThesuccessofMAShasthereforemotivatedbreederstoidentifyandusemajorQTLsforyieldandyieldcomponenttraits.Inthisreview,wesummarizedtherecentmethodsinQTLidentification,includingnovelstatisticalmethodsforlinkageandassociationmapping,specialpopulationtypes,andwhole-genomesequencing.Wereviewedthesuccessfulapplicationofmarker-assistedgeneintrogressionandgenepyramidingtoimprovegrainyieldanddiscussedthedesignofefficientMASschemestofurtherincreasethesuccessrateofbreedingprograms.Theuseofwell-characterizedmajorQTLsthroughintrogressionandgenepyramidingisproveneffectiveinimprovinggrainyield,particularlyyieldunderabioticstress.MajorQTLsthatarestableacrossgeneticbackgroundandgrowingenvironmentsareoftenfoundinlessadaptedgermplasms,suchaslandracesandwildrelatives.AdvancedbackcrossQTLanalysisandintrogressionlines,whichintegrateQTLdiscoveryandutilization,areimportantmethodsforexploitingmajorQTLscontainedinsuchgermplasms.NextgenerationsequencingsubstantiallyincreasesmappingresolutionandacceleratestheidentificationofcasualgenesunderlyingmajorQTLs.Practicalguidelinesderivedfromtheoreticalandempiricalstudiesaregiventoguidethedesignofefficientmarker-assistedgeneintrogressionandpyramidingschemes.

简介：Inordertostudyselectionindicesforimprovingricegrainyield,acrosswasmadebetweenanIraniantraditionalrice(OryzasativaL.)variety,Tarommahalliandanimprovedindicaricevariety,Khazarin2006.Thetraitsoftheparents(30plants),F1(30plants)andF2generations(492individuals)wereevaluatedattheRiceResearchInstituteofIran(RRII)during2007.Heritabilitiesofthenumberofpaniclesperplant,plantheight,daystoheadingandpanicleexsertionweregreaterthanthatofgrainyield.Theselectionindicesweredevelopedusingtheresultsofmultivariateanalysis.Toevaluateselectionstrategiestomaximizegrainyield,14selectionindiceswerecalculatedbasedontwomethods(optimumandbase)andcombinationsof12traitswithvariouseconomicweights.Resultsofselectionindicesshowedthatselectionforgrainweight,numberofpaniclesperplantandpaniclelengthbyusingtheirphenotypicand/orgenotypicdirecteffects(pathcoefficient)aseconomicweightsshouldserveasaneffectiveselectioncriterionforusingeithertheoptimumorbaseindex.

简介：Theobjectivesofthepresentstudyweretoexaminethespatialpatternsofswarddrymatter(DM)andnitrogen(N)yieldsinagrasssilagefieldatfirst,second,andthirdcutsovera3-yearperiod;quantifytheirtemporalstabilitieswithtemporalstabilitymaps;andassessthepotentialforsite-specificmanagementineachpasture-growingperiodusingclassifiedmanagementmaps.Atcut1,thespatialpatternsofDMandNyieldsprovedtobewelldefinedandtemporallystableandwerelikelytobeduetodifferencesinthenetNmineralizationratesacrossthefieldduringspring.Incontrast,atcut2,thepatternsofDMproductionwerepatchyandtemporallyunstable.Itwasconcludedthat,inprinciple,asimplesite-specificapproachtoNfertilizationwouldbepossibleinthisfieldduringspringatcut1.Atlaterharvests,therationaleforasite-specificapproachtofertilizermanagementwaslessclearwithlogisticsappearingtobemorecomplexandlessfeasible.

简介：Excessivenitrogen(N)fertilizerapplicationtowinterwheatisacommonproblemontheNorthChinaPlain.TodeterminetheoptimumfertilizerNrateforwinterwheatproductionwhileminimizingNlosses,fieldexperimentswereconductedfortwogrowingseasonsateightsites,inHuiminCounty,ShandongProvince,from2001to2003.TheoptimumNrateformaximumgrainyieldwasinverselyrelatedtotheinitialsoilmineralNcontent(Nmin)inthetop90cmofthesoilprofilebeforesowing.TherewasnoyieldresponsetotheappliedNatthethreesiteswithhighinitialsoilmineralNlevels(average212kgNha-1).TheaverageoptimumNratewas96kgNha-1forthefivesiteswithlowinitialsoilNmin(average155kgNha-1)beforesowing.ResidualnitrateNinthetop90cmofthesoilprofileafterharvestincreasedwithincreasingfertilizerNapplicationrate.TheapparentNlossesduringthewheat-growingseasonalsoincreasedwithincreasingNapplicationrate.TheaverageapparentNlosseswiththeoptimumNrateswerelessthan15kgNha-1,whereasthefarmers'conventionalNapplicationrateresultedinlossesofmorethan100kgNha-1.Therefore,optimizingNuseforwinterwheatconsiderablyreducedNlossestotheenvironmentwithoutcompromisingcropyields.

简介：有高度的一个装饰用的梨树变化和它的iso突变而产生之遗传因子的异种被用来到ering能力为止在谷物产量和质量调查差别在之中到ers为止不同。Therewas在圆锥花序重量在之中的不同差别比异种在谷物为两遗传型充满，与Xiushui11让更大的增加在圆锥花序重量评价，并且更早在里面期间到达最大的圆锥花序重量到ers为止。在谷物产量和它的部件的二遗传型之间有大重要差别，与有更高的谷物产量的Xiushui11，更多的谷物tiller每比为各个的异种的圆锥花序，更高充满的谷物百分比和粒重打字。而且，重要差别在谷物产量和产量构成因素被发现在之中到为两遗传型的ers为止不同，每显示出最大的变化在上的圆锥花序与谷物数到在所有产量构成因素之中的ers为止。与Xiushui11相比，变异的有的更高的稻谷率和到稻谷的宽度的长度的更大的比率，和更低的白垩的米饭米饭评价，直链淀粉满足，并且蛋白质满足。而且，在谷物质量在之中有重要差别到在为两遗传型的植物以内的ers为止，与以后开始了到比早开始的处于白垩的米饭率，直链淀粉和蛋白质内容是更低的ers为止。很优秀的参数在之中的变化到在内的ers为止，植物比为Xiushui11为异种是显著地更大的。

简介：Potexperimentswereconductedin2002and2003toinvestigatetheeffectsofsoilcopper(Cu)concentrationongrowth,developmentandyieldformationofricebyusingthejaponicacultivarWuxiangjing14andhybridricecombinationShanyou63.Theplantheight,leafnumber,elongatedinternodenumberandheadingdateofriceplantswerenotaffectedatsoilCulevelsbelow200mg/kg,butaffectedsignificantlyatabove400mg/kg.TheinhibitoryeffectsonricegrowthanddevelopmentwereincreasedwiththeincrementofsoilCulevels.ThegrainyieldsdecreasedsignificantlywithraisingsoilCulevels.ThemainreasonsforthegrainyieldreductionsunderlowersoilCulevels(100,200mg/kg)weremainlyduetothedecreaseofnumberofspikeletsperpanicle,however,underhighersoilCulevels(morethan400mg/kg),bothpaniclenumberandnumberofspikeletsperpaniclecontributedtotheyieldloss.ThedecreasesofpaniclenumberbyCustressweremainlyattributedtoslowrecoveryfromtransplanting,delayedtilleringandreducedmaximumtillernumbers.ThereductionofnumberofspikeletsperpanicleundersoilGustressresultedfromthedecreasesofbothshootdryweight(SDW)attheheadingdateandtheratioofspikeletstoSDW.TotalbiomassatmaturitydecreasedsignificantlywiththeincreaseofsoilCulevels,whileeconomiccoefficientshowednon-significantdecreaseexceptundersoilCulevelsabove800mg/kg.

简介：Plantassociatedbacteriaarepromisingalternativestochemicalfertilizersforplantgrowthandyieldimprovementinaneco-friendlymanner.Inthisstudy,riceassociatedbacteriawereisolatedandassessedformineralphosphatesolubilizationandindole-3-aceticacid(IAA)productionactivityinvitro.Sixpromisingstrains,whichweretentativelyidentifiedasphylotaxonPseudochrobactrumsp.(BRRh-1),Burkholderiasp.(BRRh-2),Burkholderiasp.(BRRh-3),Burkholderiasp.(BRRh-4),Pseudomonasaeruginosa(BRRh-5andBRRh-6)basedontheir16SrRNAgenephylogeny,exhibitedsignificantphosphatesolubilizingactivityinNationalBotanicalResearchInstitutephosphategrowthmedium,andBRRh-4displayedthehighestphosphatesolubilizingactivity,followedbyBRRh-5.ThepHoftheculturebrothdeclined,resultinginincreaseofgrowthrateofbacteriaatpH7,whichmightbeduetoorganicacidsecretionbythestrains.InpresenceofL-tryptophan,fiveisolatessynthesizedIAAandthemaximumIAAwasproducedbyBRRh-2,followedbyBRRh-1.ApplicationoftwomostefficientphosphatesolubilizingisolatesBRRh-4andBRRh-5byrootdipping(colonization)ofseedlingandsprayingatthefloweringstagesignificantlyenhancedthegrowthandgrainyieldofricevarietyBRRIdhan-29.Interestingly,applicationofbothstrainswith50%ofrecommendednitrogen,phosphorusandpotassiumfertilizersproducedequivalentorhighergrainyieldofricecomparedtothecontrolgrownwithfullrecommendedfertilizerdoses,whichsuggeststhatthesestrainsmayhavethepotentialtobeusedasbioinoculantsforsustainablericeproduction.

简介：生来的线人口从超级混合米饭Xieyou9308导出的recombinant(XieqingzaoB/Zhonghui9308)并且它的基因连接地图被用来在低、正常的氮(N)层次下面为米饭收益特点检测量的特点loci(QTL)。为在9个染色体上在27个区域散布的收益特点的52QTL的一个总数被检测，与解释phenotypic变化的4.93%26.73%的每QTL。十一QTL同时在二个层次下面被检测，并且30不同QTL在二个N层次下面被检测，从而建议在低、正常的N层次下面控制米饭生长的基因底是不同的。为圆锥花序的数字的QTL每植物，每圆锥花序小穗状花小穗数，在二个N层次下面每圆锥花序每圆锥花序，和谷物密度充满的谷物数在染色体3上在RM135RM168间隔被检测。QTL为在二个N层次下面每圆锥花序每充满的谷物的圆锥花序和数字小穗状花小穗数，以及每圆锥花序每植物和谷物密度圆锥花序数在低N水平下面，在染色体8上在RM5556RM310间隔被检测。上述描述的QTL为再循环的米饭N与以前报导的QTL分享了类似的区域。

简介：Moleculardesignbreedingisoneofstraightforwardapproachestobreakyieldbarriersinrice.Inthisstudy,GW6geneforgrainlengthandwidthfromBaodaliwastransferredintoanindicarecurrentparent9311andajaponicavarietyZhonghua11(ZH11)usingmarker-assistedbackcross(MAB).Oneandthreeintrogressionlineswereselectedforphenotypicanalysisfrom9311andZH11geneticbackgrounds,respectively.SSL-1,animproved9311nearisogeniclinewithGW6performed11%,19%and6.7%higherofgrainlength,1000-grainweightandsingleplantyield,respectively,ascomparedwith9311.AllthethreeimprovedZH11-GW6lines,R1,R2andR3,hadmorethan30%increaseingrainweightandabout7%higheringrainyield.SeedplumpnessofR1,R2andR3wasimprovedsynchronouslybecausethethreeZH11-GW6linescontainedGIF1(GrainIncompleteFilling1),adominantgrainfillinggene.Thus,GW6hashighpotentialinincreasingtheyieldofinbredlinesthroughMAB,makingitanimportantgeneticresourceinsuperhybridricebreeding.ThisstudyprovidesinsightsintheutilizationofGW6forlargegrainandhighyieldricebreedingviamoleculardesignbreeding.

简介：Thepaperanalyzedthebasiccharacteristicsoffast-growingandhigh-yieldplantation,classifiedandidentifiedtheecologicalproblemsinitsdevelopment,andfinallyproposedthebasicprinciplesandcorrespondingtechnicalmeasuresforfast-growingandhigh-yieldplantationecosystemmanagementbasedontheseproblems.

简介：A15-yearfertilizationexperimentwithdifferentapplicationsofinorganicN,PandKfertilizersandfarmyardmanure(M)wasconductedtostudytheyieldandsoilresponsestolong-termfertilizationatQiyang,HunanProvince,China.Averagegrainyieldsofwheatandcorn(1672and5111kgha-1,respectively)forthetreatmentNPKMweresignificantlyhigherthanthose(405and310kgha-1)oftheunfertilizedcontrolandsingleinorganicfertilizertreatments.Comparedwiththecorrespondinginitialvaluesoftheexperiment,alltreatmentsshowedayielddeclineof9to111kgha-1year-1inwheatand35to260kgha-1year-1incorn,respectively,andasignificantpHdeclineof0.07to0.12pHyear?1,exceptforthetreatmentsPKandNPKM.Afterlong-termfertilization,thesoilorganicC,soilavailableP,exchangeableCa2+andMg2+andavailableCu2+andZn2+contentswerehigherinthetreatmentNPKMthaninthetreatmentsappliedwithinorganicfertilizeronly.ComparedtothetreatmentNPK,thetreatmentNPKM,wheremanurepartiallyreplacedinorganicN,hadapositiveimpactonarrestingthedeclineofsoilpH.Thisimprovedgrainyieldsofwheatandcorn,suggestingthatapplicationofNPKfertilizerincombinationwithfarmyardmanureisimportanttomaintainsoilfertilityandbufferingcapacityinredsoil.

简介：Fieldexperimentswereconductedtoassesstheimpactofvariousorganicsources,inorganicnitrogen(N)andthedifferentcombinationsofinorganicN(urea)+organicsourceontheyieldcomponents(YC)andgrainyield(GY)ofhybridrice(OryzasativaL.,Pukhraj)underrice-wheatsystem.TheexperimentswereconductedatBatkhela(Malakand),NorthwesternPakistan,in2011and2012.OurresultsrevealedthatYCandGYrankedfirstforthehybridricewhenappliedwithsoleinorganicN(urea),followedbytheapplicationofNinmixture(urea+organicsources),whilethecontrolplots(noNapplied)rankedinthebottom.Amongthesixorganicsources(threeanimalmanures:poultry,sheepandcattle;threecropresidues:onion,berseemandwheat),applicationofNintheformofpoultrymanurewassuperiorintermsofhigherYCandGY.Whenapplying120kg/hm2Nsource,75%Nfromurea+25%NfromorganicsourceresultedinhigherYCandGYin2011,whileapplying50%Nfromurea+50%NfromorganicsourcescausedhigherYCandGYin2012.Therefore,thecombinedapplicationofNsourcesintheformofurea+organicsourcecanproducegoodperformancesintermsofhigherYCandGYofriceunderrice-wheatcroppingsystem.

简介：到精选精英germplasms，从装饰用的梨树米饭栽培变种Wuyujing3导出的112异种被评估。象圆锥花序那样的收益部件每平方米数，谷物数字每圆锥花序，和谷物，重量被测量。象白垩的谷物(PCG)的百分比那样的优秀特点，稻谷收益(BRY)，milled米饭收益(MRY)，milling(DM)的度，直链淀粉内容(交流)，蛋白质内容(PC)，和在特点之中的关系是inverstigated。结果证明谷物产量每在谷物收益变化为94.64%贡献的平方米与6.4t/hm2的一个平均数和谷物的数字从2.15～12.49t/hm2。为优秀特点，所有米饭异种有短尺寸(谷物长度≤5.5 ；公里)并且大胆形状(到宽度比率=1.10-2.00的谷物长度)。大多数米饭异种(87.5%)低于20%有PCG价值。有的MRY重视甚于50%的所有异种，低于20%的交流值，和低于10%的PC值。白垩的谷物的百分比否定地显著地与MRY被相关并且断然与DM相关。BRY和MRY否定地显著地与DM被相关。PC显著地并且断然与MRY被相关并且否定地与DM相关，当交流没这些优秀特点地有重要关联时。有25米饭异种，完成了象白垩的谷物的低百分比那样的江苏标准装饰用的梨树米饭的主要要求，这被结束，低直链淀粉满意的、最佳的蛋白质内容，并且它能被用作精英germplasms。因此，识别的异种可以在米饭质量的改进导致重要进步。