简介：Anyonefollowingtheprogressofroboticsfieldsforaerial,underwaterorgroundapplicationsappreciatestheimportanceoflearningofgooddesignfromnature.Theemerging

简介：塔兰图拉毒蛛毒液为学习毒素选择，结构活动关系和肽毒素的分子的进化提供一个模型系统。以前的研究鉴别了中国鸟的毒液地的很多肽毒素搜寻Haplopelmahainanum，通常认为是一只高度有毒的蜘蛛。然而，可得到的RNA-seqtranscriptomic的缺乏和genomic数据是到在分子的水平理解它的毒液的一个障碍。在这研究，我们调查了H的毒液腺transcriptome。由RNA-seq的hainanum，当一个可得到的genomic序列不在时。我们鉴别在57181denovo之中的201潜在的毒素装配了抄本，包括knottins，Kunitz类型毒素，酶和另外的蛋白质。我们系统地识别了大多数knottins和Kunitz类型毒素，其中一些强烈出现了，在毒液腺偏导表示包括huwentoxin-1的成员，huwentoxin-2和magi-1家庭。我们也发现了几新奇潜在的毒素。这些数据在H的毒液毒素表明高分子、结构的差异。hainanum。这研究为探索蜘蛛毒液的复杂部件提供有用策略。

简介：InFebruary2006,twooutbreaksofhighlypathogenicavianinfluenzaAvirussubtypeH5N1occurredinchickensintwoneighboringdistricts(firstinNandurbarandsecondinJalgaon)ofMaharashtra,India,inaspanof12days.Inthepresentstudy,theneuraminidase(NA)geneofthetwoIndianH5N1isolateswastakenintoconsiderationtofindifthetwostrainsaregeneticallysimilar.PhylogeneticanalysisoftheNAgeneshowedthattheH5N1strainsisolatedfromthetwooutbreakswerenotoriginatedfromthesamesource.ThefirstIndianisolate(Nandubar/7972/06)wasclusteredclosesttoanisolatefromchickeninVietnamin2004,whereasthesecondIndianisolate(Jalgaon/8824/06)showedresemblancetostrainsisolatedfromswaninItalyandIranin2006.Moreover,aminoacidsequenceanalysisshowedvaryinghotspotsforsubstitutionsbetweenthesetwoIndianisolates,andthreesubstitutionswerefoundatfunctionaldomainsites.Secondarystructurechangesduetothesesubstitutionswerealsoreported.ThisstudyrevealsthattheH5N1strainsisolatedfromchickensduring2006birdfluoutbreaksintwoneighboringdistrictsofMaharashtra,Indiaaregeneticallydifferent.