简介：KaKs_Calculator是计算的一个软件包裹非同义(Ka)并且同义(K)替换通过平均的模型选择和模型评价。因为存在，为这个评价的方法采用他们的特定的变化(替换)考虑不同进化特征的模型，导致多样的估计，KaKs_Calculator在一个最大的可能性框架实现一套候选人模型并且采用Akaike信息标准测量在模型和数据之间的健康，试图包括为精确地在编码蛋白质的序列捕获进化信息需要的同样多特征。另外，为精明的Ka和K的几存在方法也被合并到这个软件。包括源代码，编译可执行文件，和文档，KaKs_Calculator为在http://evolution.genomics.org.cn/software.htm的学术使用是自由地可得到的

简介：Inthispaperwedevelopanelasto-dynamicmodelofthehumanarmforuseinneuro-muscularcontrolanddynamicinteractionstudies.Themotivationforthisworkistopresentacasefordevelopingandusingnon-quasistaticmodelsofhumanmusculo-skeletalbiomechanics.Themodelisbasedonhybridparametermultiplebodysystem(HPMBS)variationalprojectionprinciples.Inthispaper,wepresentanoverviewoftheHPMBSvariationalprincipleappliedtothefullelasto-dynamicmodelofthearm.Thegeneralityofthemodelallowsonetoincorporatemuscleeffectsaseitherloadstransmittedthroughthetendonatpointsoforiginandinsertionorasaneffectivetorqueatajoint.Thoughthetechniqueissuitablefordetailedboneandjointmodeling,wepresentinthisinitialeffortonlysimplegeometrywiththebonesdiscretizedasRayleighbeamswithelongation,whileallowingforlargedeflections.Simulationsdemonstratetheviabilityofthemcthodforuseinthecompanionpaperandinfuturestudies.

简介：Basedonthefirstlawofthermodynamicsandthethermaldiffusionequation,thededucedtheoreticalmodelofmitochondrialthermogenesissatisfiestheLaplaceequationandisaspecialcaseofthethermaldiffusionequation.Themodelsettlesthelong-standingquestionoftheabilitytoincreasecellulartemperaturebyendogenousthermogenesisandexplainsthethermogeniccharacteristicsofbrownadipocytes.Themodelandcalculationsalsosuggestthatthenumberoffreeavailableprotonsisthemajorlimitingfactorforendogenousthermogenesisanditsspeed.

简介：ThispaperisfocusedonthemodelidentificationofaMicroAirVehicle(MAV)instraightsteadyflightcondition.Theidentificationisbasedoninput-outputdatacollectedfromflighttestsusingbothfrequencyandtimedomaintechniques.Thevehicleisanin-house40cmwingspanairplane.Becauseofthecomplexcoupled,multivariableandnonlineardynamicsoftheaircraft,linearSISOstructuresforboththelateralandlongitudinalmodelsaroundareferencestatewerederived.TheaimoftheidentificationistoprovidemodelsthatcanbeusedinfuturedevelopmentofcontroltechniquesfortheMAV.

简介：TheaquaticfernsofthegenusAzollaarenitrogen-fixingplantsthathavegreatpotentialsinagriculturalproductionandenvironmentalconservation.Azollainmanyaspectsisqualifiedtoserveasamodelorganismforgenomicstudiesbecauseofitsimportanceinagriculture,itsuniquepositioninplantevolution,itssymbioticrelationshipwiththeN2-fixingcyanobacterium,Anabaenaazollae,anditsmoderate-sizedgenome.ThegoalsofthisgenomeprojectarenotonlytounderstandthebiologyoftheAzollagenometopromoteitsapplicationsinbiologicalresearchandagriculturepracticebutalsotogaincriticalinsightsaboutevolutionofplantgenomes.TogetherwiththestrategicandtechnicalimprovementaswellascostreductionofDNAsequencing,thedecipheringoftheirgeneticcodeisimminent.

简介：Indryattachmentsystemsofspidersandgeckos,vanderWaalsforcesmediateattractionbetweensubstrateandanimaltarsus.Inparticular,thescopulaofEvarchaarcuataspidersallowsforreversibleattachmentandeasydetachmenttoabroadrangeofsurfaces.Hence,reproducingthescopula’sroughnesscompatibilitywhilemaintaininganti-bunchingfeaturesanddirtparticlerepellencebehaviorisacentraltaskforabiomimetictransfertoanengineeredmodel.InthepresentworkwemodelthescopulaofE.arcuatafromamechano-elasticpointofviewanalyzingtheinfluenceofitshierarchicalstructureontheattachmentbehavior.Byconsideringbiologicaldataofthegeckoandspider,andthesimulationresults,theadhesivecapabilitiesofthetwoanimalsarecomparedandimportantconfirmationsandnewdirectivesinordertoreproducetheoverallstructurearefound.Moreover,apossiblesuggestionofhowthespiderdetachesinaneasyandfastmannerisproposedandsupportedbytheresults.

简介：这研究的目的是在模型organismDrosophilamelanogaster上调查铝(艾尔)的有毒的效果。学习特别在休息和活动在水果苍蝇的发展，寿命，和生理节奏的节奏担心铝的效果。苍蝇在饲养媒介从40～280mg/kg在集中暴露于铝或苍蝇在控制媒介上被饲养。而且，昆虫的寿命在媒介暴露了艾尔的40，120，或240mg/kg到铝包含仅仅在他们的幼虫的发展期间，在整个生命周期期间并且仅仅在他们的成年人，生活被测试。检查铝和老化原因是否在D变化。melanogaster行为，在不同年龄的苍蝇的运动活动被记录。结果证明那铝在在在高耸的媒介的160mg/kg上面的集中是有毒的。取决于艾尔集中和暴露的时间，苍蝇的寿命被弄短。在中间的集中(120mg/kg)，然而，艾尔在增加他们运动活动的寿命和水平的男性上有刺激效果。在更高的集中，铝暴露增加了或减少D的运动活动的水平。取决于苍蝇的年龄的melanogaster。另外，在在铝上饲养的最旧的昆虫补充了媒介，在在艾尔的最高的集中上饲养的中间的苍蝇，活动的每日的节奏被破坏。

简介：Extenicsisanewlydevelopedinterdisciplinarysubjectcombiningmathematics,philosophyandengineering.Itprovidesusefulformalizedqualitativetoolsandquantitativetoolsforsolvingcontradictoryproblems.Inthispaper,extensiontheoryisintroducedbrieflyandtheprimaryapplicationsofthistheoryandmethodsinbionicengineeringresearcharediscussed.Theextensionmodelofbiologicalcouplingfunctionalsystemisestablished.Inordertoidentifytheprimaryandsecondarysequencingofcouplingelements,theExtensionAnalyticHierarchyProcess(EAHP)wasadoptedtoanalyzethecontributionofeachcouplingelementtothecouplingfunctionalsystem.Thus,theinfluenceweightfactorofeachcouplingelementcanbedetermined,soastoprovideanewapproachforsolvingprimaryandsecondarysequencingproblemofcouplingelementsinaquantitativeway,andfacilitatethesubsequentbioniccouplingstudy.

简介：Reliablecomputationalfootmodelsofferanalternativemeanstoenhanceknowledgeonthebiomechanicsofhumanfoot.Modelvalidationisoneofthemostcriticalaspectsoftheentirefootmodelingandanalysisprocess.Thispaperpresentsaninvivoexperimentcombiningmotioncapturesystemandplantarpressuremeasureplatformtovalidateathree-dimensionalfiniteelementmodelofhumanfoot.TheMagneticResonanceImaging(MRI)slicesforthefootmodelingandtheexperimentaldataforvalidationwerebothcollectedfromthesamevolunteersubject.Thevalidatedcomponentsincludedthecomparisonofstaticmodelpredictionsofplantarforce,plantarpressureandfootsurfacedeformationduringsixloadingconditions,toequivalentmeasureddata.Duringthewholeexperiment,footsurfacedeformation,plantarforceandplantarpressurewererecordedsimultaneouslyduringsixdifferentloadedstandingconditions.ThepredictionsofthecurrentFEmodelwereingoodagreementwiththeseexperimentalresults.

简介：INTRODUCTIONThealternatingaccesstransportermodel(AATM)wasinitiallyconstructedtorationalizeandexplainafewreadilyquantifiableandreproducibleexperimentalfindings.TheAATM,asoriginallyconceived,consistsofsinglespecificbindingsitecentrallysituatedwithinthecellmembrane.Thesitealternatelyfacesinwardsandoutwards.Duringtheinversionprocess,thesitecantransportsugaracrossthemembrane,anddissociationintothealternatebathingsolutionresultsinnettransport.ReturnoftheemptysitereinitiatesthetransportcycleasillustratedinFig.1A.Glucosetransport,whichwasdemonstratedfirstinhumanredcells(LeFevreandLeFevre1952)andsheepplacenta(Widdas1951),hashighstereospecificityforD-pyranosesugars,likeD-glucoseandD-xyloseinpreferencetoL-sugars,e.g.L-fructoseornon-transportedL-glucose.Thistransportprocesshassimilaritiestoenzymekinetics:bothhavesaturationkinetics,theKmbeingtheconcentrationatwhichhalfmaximaltransportvelocity,Vmaxobtained,isameasureofapparentaffinityofligandforthetransporter(Fig.1B).Theprocessispassiveinthehumanredcell,sinceatequilibriumtheglucoseconcentrationsintheextraandintracellularsolutionsarethesame;i.e.netuphillaccumulationdoesnotoccur.

简介：Usingatriangularlatticemodeltostudythedesignabilityofproteinfolding,weovercametheparityproblemofpreviouscubiclatticemodelandenumeratedallthesequencesandcompactstructuresonasimpletwo-dimensionaltriangularlatticemodelofsize4+5+6+5+4.Weusedtwotypesofaminoacids,hydrophobicandpolar,tomakeupthesequences,andachieved223+212differentsequencesexcludingthereversesymmetrysequences.Thetotalstringnumberofdistinctcompactstructureswas219,093,excludingreflectionsymmetryintheself-avoidingpathoflength24triangularlatticemodel.Basedonthismodel,weappliedafastsearchalgorithmbyconstructingaclustertree.Thealgorithmdecreasedthecomputationbycomputingtheobjectiveenergyofnon-leafnodes.Theparallelexperimentsprovedthatthefasttreesearchalgorithmyieldedanexponentialspeed-upinthemodelofsize4+5+6+5+4.Designabilityanalysiswasperformedtounderstandthesearchresult.

简介：人的间充质的干细胞(hMSCs)装家到肿瘤地点并且禁止肿瘤细胞的生长。很少对内在的分子的机制被知道连接hMSCs到肿瘤房间的指向的抑制。在这研究，我们从hMSCs用一个动物移植模型，一个合作文化系统和调节媒介在二根人的hepatoma房间线(H7402和HepG2)上调查了hMSCs的效果。当SCID老鼠与H7402细胞和Z3hMSCs的一个相等的数字被注射时，动物移植研究证明肿瘤形成的潜伏的时间被延长并且肿瘤尺寸更小。当co有教养时与Z3房间，H7402细胞增殖减少了，增加的apoptosis，和Bcl-2的表示，c-Myc，原子抗原(PCNA)和survivin低是的增殖的房间调整了。在有调节媒介的处理源于Z3hMSC文化以后，H4702房间出现了减少的形成殖民地的能力和减少的增长。Immunoblot分析证明beta-catenin，Bcl-2，c-Myc，PCNA和survivin表示是在H7402和HepG2房间调整的down。总起来说，我们的调查结果证明hMSCs禁止H7402和HepG2人的肝癌症房间线的恶意的显型，它包括增长，形成殖民地的能力和oncogene表示试管内和体内。而且，我们的研究提供表明小径的Wnt可以在调停hMSC的指向和肿瘤房间抑制有一个角色的证据。

简介：

简介：Abranchandboundalgorithmisproposedforthetwo-dimensionalproteinfoldingproblemintheHPlatticemodel.Inthisalgorithm,thebenefitofeachpossiblelocationofhydrophobicmonomersisevaluatedandonlypromisingnodesarekeptforfurtherbranchingateachlevel.Theproposedalgorithmiscomparedwithotherwell-knownmethodsfor10benchmarksequenceswithlengthsrangingfrom20to100monomers.Theresultsindicatethatourmethodisaveryefficientandpromisingtoolfortheproteinfoldingproblem.

简介：

简介：

简介：Basedonauditoryperipheralsimulationmodel,anewSoundQualityObjectiveEvaluation(SQOE)methodispresented,whichcanbeusedtomodelandanalyzetheimpactsofhead,shoulderandotherpartsofhumanbodyonsoundwavetrans-mission.Thismethodemploystheartificialheadtechnique,inwhichtheheadrelatedtransferfunctionwastakenintoaccounttotheouterearsimulationphase.First,abionicartificialheadwasdesignedastheouterearmodelwithconsideringtheoutersoundfieldinviewoftheoryandphysicalexplanations.Thentheauditoryperipheralsimulationmodelwasbuilt,whichmimicsthephysiologicalfunctionsofthehumanhearing,simulatingtheacousticsignaltransferprocessandconversionmechanismsfromthefreefieldtotheperipheralauditorysystem.Finally,performancecomparisonwasmadebetweentheproposedSQOEmethodandArtemiSsoftware,andtheverificationsofsubjectiveandobjectiverelatedanalysisweremade.Resultsshowthattheproposedmethodwaseconomical,simple,andwithgoodevaluationquality.

简介：为ectotherms的发展的内在的最佳温度不仅为他们的生理的过程而且为生态、进化的过程是最重要的因素之一。SharpeSchoolfieldIkemoto(SSI)模型成功了定义能热力学地满足在特别温度，到达它的最大的活动的活跃的酶的概率被认识到的条件的温度。以前，一个算法被Ikemoto开发(热带疟疾不意味着热环境。医药昆虫学的杂志，45，963969)到估计模型，参数，而是那编程序计算地很耗时。现在，因为一个完整的自动计算机程序被史等设计，调查者能更容易使用SSI模型。（为估计SSI模型的参数的一个修改程序。环境昆虫学，40，462469)。然而，为每ectotherm的内在的最佳温度的点估计的统计意义还没是坚定的。这里，我们为由修改计算估计的内在的最佳温度的信心间隔提供了一个新方法近似自举信心间隔方法。为这个目的，在SSI模型为参数的一个更快的评价开发一个新节目是必要的，我们也做了它。

简介：TheposteriorgutoftheDrosophilaembryo,consistingofhindgutandMalpighiantubules,providesasimple,well-definedsystemwhereitispossibletouseageneticapproachtodefinecomponentsessentialforepithelialmorphogenesis.WereviewheretheadvantagesofDrosophilaasamodelgeneticorganism,themorphogenesisoftheepithelialstructuresoftheposteriorgut,andwhatisknownaboutthegeneticrequirementstoformthesestructures.Inoverview,primordiaarepatternedbyexpressionofhierarchiesoftranscriptionfactors;thisleadstolocalizedexpressionofcellsignalingmolecules,andfinally,totheleastunderstoodstep:modulationofcelladhesionandcellshape.Wedescribeapproachestoidentifyadditionalgenesthatarerequiredformorphogenesisofthesesimpleepithelia,particularlythosethatmightplayastructuralrolebyaffectingcelladhesionandcellshape.

简介：在这篇论文，我们与单体的二种学习一个离开格子蛋白质AB模型，恐水病、吸水、在场一个启发式的伪物理的算法。由精心地在物理世界上模仿光滑的固体的运动，首先，我们为给定的单体链发现低精力的符合构造。随后的离开陷井策略然后被建议被触发一为一种粘住的状况的jump以便从本地最小出来。算法与一些13-55单体为所有序列在三维的AB模型被测试了。在几种情况中，我们更新通常认为的地面状态精力价值。数字结果证明建议方法为发现蛋白质的扎根的状态是很有希望的。