简介:Thepurposeofthepresentthemepaperistoconsiderhowapproachestourbandevelopmenthaveevolvedovertime,andmostrecentlywiththeadventoftheabove-mentionedinternationalconcernforurbanpovertyreduction.Specifically,howlocalactors,includinggovernmentsatalllevels,non-governmentalorganizations,professionalsandpeoplelivingandworkinginslums,haveattemptedtoimprovecitiesandurbancentresinwaysthatarefavourabletotheurbanpoor.Foreaseofanalysis,thepaperconsiderstwoelementsofurbandevelopment-urbanmanagementandshelterstrategies.Chapteronebeginswithareviewoftheevolutionofurbanplanningandmanagementapproaches,frommasterplanstopro-poorurbangovernance.Chaptertwoexaminestheevolutionofshelterstrategies,fromdirectgovernmentsupplytoanemphasisonsecurityoftenureforthepoor.Someofthekeylessonslearnedfrombothapproachesaresummarizedinchapterthree.Examplesofcurrentinnovationsinapproachestourbanpovertyreductionaredescribedinchapterfour,lookingatcontributionsatthelocal,nationalandinternationallevels.
简介:[ 摘要 ] 小学阶段学生所处的年龄特征比较明显,自制力比较差、行为习惯尚未养成、心理依赖性强等等。这些年龄特征给我们教学带来一定的困难,这就要求我们必须运用注意规律来组织教学,运用有意注意和无意注意的内在联系,调动学生学习的积极性,激发学生学习数学的兴趣,从而创设 有利于学生 发展的教育环境 。