简介：Humanactivitiesmakestrongeffectsonsoilformation.AnthropogenicsoilsaremuchmoreintensiveandextensiveinChinafortheirhistoryofagriculturalproductioncanbedatedbacktomorethan7000yearsagoOwingtodifferentphysicalconditionsandlanduses,theanthropogenicsoil-formingprocessesarevariousAnthrosolsareproposed,andthecorrespondingsoilorderissetupinChineseSoilTaxonomy(CST),Mainlybasedon6Anthropogenicdiagnostichorizons,whichareanthraquicepipedon,hydragrichorizon,irragricepipedon,cumulicepipedon,fimicepipedonandagrichorzon,theAnthrosolsOrderissubividedinto2soilsubordersand4soilgroups.MeanwhiletheclassificationofAnthrosolsinCSThasbeenbasicallyacceptedastheclassificationofAnthrosolsinWorldReferenceBaseforSoilResources(WRB).

简介：Background:ThiscontributionevaluatestheeffectofforeststructureandtreespeciesdiversityonplotproductivityandindividualtreegrowthintheuniqueKnysnaforestsinSouthernAfricausingmappedtreedatafromanobservationalstudythathasbeenre-measuredoveraperiodof40years.Methods:Theeffectsoftreespeciesdiversityandforeststructureontreegrowthandforestproductionareevaluatedonthreelevelsofresolution:a)theforestcommunity(canopy,sub-canopyspecies),b)thesubplots(numberoftreesperha,skewnessofthediameterdistribution,diametercoefficientofvariation)andc)theimmediateneighborhoodofselectedreferencetrees('Mingling','Dominance',Aggregation'and'SizeVariation').Results:Ananalysisofthecommunitylevelidentifiedtwodistinctclusters,oneincludingdominant/canopyspecieswiththehighestgrowthratesandagreatervariationofgrowth,andanotherclusterwhichincludestheremainingsubcanopyspecieswhichhaveasmallermaximumsizeandlowerratesofgrowth.Thearea-basedstructurevariablesonplotlevelhaveahighlysignificanteffectontotalbasalareagrowth.However,theeffectsofforestdensityandspeciesrichnessonproductivitywerenotstraightforward.Maximumbasalareaproductionofabout0.75m~2/ha/yearisachievedatmediumlevelsofrichness(around20speciesperha)andmediumlevelsofdensity(around30m~2/habasalarea)usingpercentileregressionestimates.Therelative'Dominance'ofaselectedreferencetreehadahighlysignificanteffectonindividualtreegrowthonallinvestigatedspecies.Otherneighbourhoodstructurevariableswereonlyoccasionallysignificantornotsignificantatall.Conclusion:Thiscontributionpresentsanewtheoreticalframeworkforanalysingnaturalforeststhatincludescommunity,plotandneighborhoodvariablesofforeststructureanddiversity,andafirstspecificanalysisofthestructureanddynamicsoftheKnysnaAfromontaneForest,basedonauniquesetoflongtermobservations.Thespecies-area(SAR

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简介：通过对分布于欧洲的水青冈（Ｆａｇｕｓｓｙｌｖａｔｉｃａ和Ｆａｇｕｓｏｒｅｎｔａｌｉｓ）和亚洲的水青冈（Ｆａｇｕｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ，Ｆａｇｕｓｃｒｅｎａｔａ，Ｆａｇｕｓｌｕｃｉｄａ，Ｆａｇｕｓｅｎｇｌｅｒｉａｎａ和Ｆａｇｕｓｐａｓｈａｎｉｃａ）的地理历史资料分析和凝胶电泳法等位酶的测定，探讨欧亚大陆水青冈地理变异和遗传多样性．所测定的酶系统包括：过氧化物酶（ＰＸ１和ＰＸ２）、磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（ＰＧＤ）、酸性磷酸化酶（ＡＣＰ１和ＡＣＰ２）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶（ＧＯＴ１，ＧＯＴ２和ＧＯＴ３）、异柠檬酸脱氢酶（ＩＤＨ）、磷酸果糖异构酶（ＰＧＩ）、甲基萘醌还原酶（ＭＮＲ）、葡萄糖磷酸变位酶（ＰＧＭ１和ＰＧＭ２）和苹果酸脱氢酶（ＭＤＨ１和ＭＤＨ２）１０种酶系统．测定和分析了水青冈遗传相似性、固定指数及遗传多样性随经度、纬度和海拔高度的变化规律，讨论了水青冈起源和分布特点，为进一步研究水青冈的种间关系和地理历史进化过程提供了科学依据．

简介：西藏Shannan红鹿自然保护区是西藏的红鹿的地理分发的中心。这份报纸论述烘便的小团组在绿植物的时期期间在2013和2014期间收集了的199红鹿的DNA分析的结果。我们成功地与12microsatelliteloci从87个DNA小团组和坚定的单个鉴定提取了DNA。我们在R软件与Capwire评估了人口和各种各样的人口估计的基因差异。87个成功地提取的小团组来自50个个人。在人口，等位基因的平均数字是7.58吗？？

简介：现在的学习被承担决定病原并且M的isolates的基因差异。从斯里兰卡的湿、中间、干燥的地区收集考虑到的oryzae开发授与持久的抵抗到米饭的米饭变化强风。不重要词法或生长变化在学习的isolates之中存在。基因差异孤立由执行Pot2transposable决定元素基于repetitive

简介：从低地和中国的高地就职的米饭landraces的基因差异用66多态的简单顺序重复(SSR)被调查标记。从所有324测试就职检测的等位基因的全部的数字每地点与8.409的一个平均等位基因数字(Na)是555，3.574的等位基因(Ne)的平均有效数字和普通香农是1.378的信息索引(I)。基因差异为与装饰用的梨树landraces相比的indicalandraces是更高的，并且高地landraces比低地landraces更遗传上多样。SSR标记，RM72，RM232，RM219，RM241，RM224和RM3显示出多型性的最高的率，这些SSR标记是合适的估计米饭germplasm资源的基因差异。低地和高地landraces的324就职的dendrogram证明所有米饭就职主要被细分进二个组，装饰用的梨树和indica，与是中间的一些。在装饰用的梨树和indica米饭组之中的低地和高地landraces的分发是不同的，与在在装饰用的梨树米饭，而是在indica米饭的没有如此的清楚的区别的低地和高地landraces之间的明显的区别。

简介：在引起线之中的基因差异和关系的调查是很重要的在引起节目的混合米饭便于父母选择。在这研究，我们与207简单顺序重复(SSR)和353单个核苷酸多型性(SNP)从国际瑞斯研究院描绘了168个混合米饭父母标记。1267SSR和706SNP等位基因的一个总数与6.1的一般水准(SSR)被检测并且2.0(SNP)每地点，分别地，到对面，所有衬里的等位基因。基于独立从SSR和SNP标记估计并且联合的基因距离，加入邻居的簇和结构一致地分析的unrooted把168个混合米饭父母分开了成二个主要的组：B线和R线，它与已知的父母家谱信息一致。从SSR和SNPgenotyping导出的基因距离矩阵高度被相关(r=0.81，P<0.001)，SSR和SNP标记两个都显示那有可区分的力量检测多型性并且为在热带混合米饭父母之中的基因差异分析是适当的。60个SSR标记的一个子集被核心亨特也基于总数与368等位基因，和簇分析选择，SSR标记的子集高度在r=通信0.91(P<0.001)，建议更少SSR标记能被用来在父母线之中分类并且评估基因差异。

简介：包括landraces，本地选择，和改进变化的一套50米饭遗传型用简单顺序重复(SSR)被描绘并且内部学习的简单顺序重复(ISSR)标记基因差异和人口结构。有算术平均数的后面的未加权的对组方法基于用多态的标记的二进制数据聚类，遗传型被组织进5簇和11亚簇，而人口结构分析把50米饭遗传型分开了成5亚人口。米饭遗传型组织与遗传型的家谱信息显示出更好的相似。基因差异和人口结构分析把改进变化的多数与landraces和本地选择分开了。一些SSR标记放大了对特别遗传型特定并且能把他们与剩余的区分开来的唯一的等位基因。结果显示这些米饭遗传型展出更高基因的差异并且能在米饭改进节目很有用。

简介：MicrosatellitemarkersandmorphologicalcharacteristicswereusedtoexplorethegeneticdiversityandpossibleoriginofweedyriceinTaizhouCity,JiangsuProvince,China.Fifty-twoweedyrice(OryzasativaL.)accessionswerecomparedwithtwowildrice,fourhybridriceandfivecultivarsusing22simplesequencerepeat(SSR)primerpairs.Atotalof107fragmentswereamplified,averaging5.6allelesperprimerpair.Thepolymorphicindexcontent(PIC)valuesrangedfrom0.3077to0.7951,averagingat0.5870.Theaveragegeneticdistanceofallsamplesrangedfrom0.02to0.46withanaverageof0.262.ThegeneticdistanceamongTaizhouweedyricerangedfrom0.03to0.44withanaverageof0.224.ClusteranalysisshowedthatalltheweedyriceaccessionsfromTaizhouCitywereindica,andcouldbesubdividedintodifferentgenotypes.Themajority(86%)ofweedyricewasmostcloselyrelatedtohybridrice.TheTaizhouweedyriceaccessionsweremorphologicallysimilar,butstillcouldbedelineatedintoindicaorjaponicagroupbysomemorphologicaltraits.ItissuggestedthatthelevelsofgeneticandmorphologicaldiversitiesofweedyriceinTaizhouCityarelowandtheseweedyriceplantsoriginatedfromthesegregatingprogeniesofhybridricethathadnaturallyintrogressedwithcultivatedrice.

简介：Throughsampleplotsurveyandstatisticanalysis,thispaperadoptsecologicalmethodtostudythecharacteristicsofplantdiversityofforestvegetationinLuofuMountain,Guangdong.TheresultsshowthatthereisagreatplantdiversityofforestvegetationinLuofuMountainowingtotheascendancyofaqueousandthermalconditioninsubtropicalzone.Thetotalnumberofspeciesin4500m2sampleplot(s)are170with3870individualplantsintotal;Dahlspeciesrichnessindex(D)is44.932;Simpsondiversityindex(L,D)is0.022,0.022;Simpson(1982)diversityindex(D)is3.806;Pielouevennessindex(E)is0.984andHulbertevennessindex(E)is0.815;Shannon-wienerdiversityindex(informationindexH')is4.188;Asymmetryindex(r)is0.185.Theseindexesshowthatabetterhabitatwillbringaboutplantdiversityofforestvegetation,andthediversityofzonalvegetationshowsthatthehigherlatitudeis,thelessspeciesofvegetationcanbefound.Besides,verticalchangeofplantdiversityofforestvegetationinLuofuMountainisobvious.Itsspeciesrichnessindexandplantdiversityindexshowthatmonsoonevergreenbroad-leavedforestisthetallest,mountainevergreenbroad-leavedforestfollowsasthesecondandconifer-broad-leavedmixedforestistheshortest.TheWilsonβ-diversityindex,whichisobtainedbycomparisonbetweenforestvegetationbelow300mandforestvegetationbetween600-900m,is0.621.Calculatedfromcomparisonbetweenforestvegetationin600-1100mandforestvegetationin900-1100m,theWilsonβ-diversityindexis0.727;bycomparingforestvegetationbelow300mwithforestvegetationin900-1100m,theWilsonβ-diversityindexis1.877.Thisshowsthattheplantdiversityofforestvegetationisaffectedbythechangeingradientofelevation.

简介：从农业(USDA)米饭收集的美国部门的36个米饭条目的基因差异用103ILP(intron长度多型性)和54SSR(简单顺序重复)被估计标记。236和332等位基因的一个总数被ILP和SSR标记分别地检测。平均，SSR标记比ILP标记生产了更高的多型性信息内容价值和等位基因的数字。而Nei的基因距离测量了，使用SSR标记比用ILP标记测量了的高得多。壁炉架的测试显示有统计上重要的关联(r=0.827，P<0.001)在二个标记系统之间。基于ILP和SSR标记聚类的UPGMA导致了一致dendrograms。cophenetic关联系数(r=0.918，0.878和0.924，P<0.001为ILP，SSR和联合标记，分别地)证明高度精确的dendrogram在这些条目之中代表了基因距离。36个条目被划分成四个组。四非洲的Oryzaglaberrima就职在不同的组(I)以内被聚类，并且留下的条目被分开成三个组(II，III和IV)。所有条目能也被聚类进二个主要的组：一个人由III和IV组成，看作了indica组，并且其他人由构成我(O。glaberrima)并且II(像装饰用的梨树)。当indica组分享了混合祖先时，基于模型的簇分析表明像装饰用的梨树的组维持了很纯的祖先，特别为组III，它有七混合与组IV从19.5%～30.0%祖先分享(基于SSR标记)。ILP和SSR标记能为基因学习是很有用的并且在米饭繁殖，这被建议。

简介：ToinvestigategeneticdiversitiesamongtheAAgenomeOryzaspeciesintheSoutheastandSouthAsia,atotalof428accessionsoftheAAgenomeOryzaspeciesweregenotypedusing36simplesequencerepeats(SSR)markersdistributedthroughoutthericegenome.Allofthe36SSRmarkersgeneratedpolymorphicbands,revealing100%polymorphism.Thenumberofallelesperlocusrangedfrom3to17withthemeanof8.6.TheNei’sgeneticdiversityindex(He)rangedfrom0.337atRM455to0.865atRM169withanaveragevalueof0.650.ThegeneticdiversityoftheAAgenomeOryzaspeciesintheSoutheastAsiawasobviouslyhigherthanthatintheSouthAsia.AmongthedetectedOryzaspeciesintheSouthandSoutheastAsia,O.rufipogonshowedthehighestgeneticdiversity.Meanwhile,ahighergeneticdifferentiation(Fst)wasfoundamongthedetectedOryzaspeciesintheSoutheastAsiathanintheSouthAsia.TheFstvaluebetweenO.nivaraandO.sativawasthehighest.Theresultsfromthenumberofspecificalleles,specificloci,andallelefrequencyconfirmedthegreatergeneticvariationamongthedetectedspecies.Inaddition,thespecificalleleinRM161displayedhigherfrequency(0.193),suggestingitsimportantfunctioninidentifyingOryzaspeciesofAAgenome.

简介：Background:Understoryplantsrepresentsthelargestcomponentofbiodiversityinmostforestecosystemsandplaysakeyroleinforestfunctioning.Despitetheirimportance,theinfluenceofoverstory-layercompositiononunderstoryplantdiversityisrelativelypoorlyunderstoodwithindeciduous-evergreenbroadleavedmixedforests.Theaimofthisworkwastoevaluatehowtreeoverstory-layercompositioninfluencesonunderstory-layerdiversityinthreeforesttypes(monospecificdeciduousNothofaguspumilio(Np),monospecificevergreenNothofagusbetuloides(Nb),andmixedN.pumilio-N.betuloides(M)forests),comparingalsobetweentwogeographicallocations(coastandmountain)toestimatedifferencesatlandscapelevel.Results:Werecorded46plantspecies:4ferns,12monocots,and30dicots.Canopy-layercompositioninfluencestheherb-layerstructureanddiversityintwodifferentways:whilemixedforestshavegreatersimilaritytoevergreenforestsintheunderstorystructuralfeatures,deciduousandmixedweresimilarintermsofthespecificcompositionofplantassemblage.Deciduouspurestandswerethemostdiverse,meanwhileevergreenstandswereleastdiverse.Lackofexclusivespeciesofmixedforestcouldrepresentatransitionwhereevergreenanddeciduouscommunitiesmeetandintegrate.Moreover,landscapehasamajorinfluenceonthestructure,diversityandrichnessofunderstoryvegetationofpureandmixedforestslikelyassociatedtothemagnitudeandfrequencyofnaturaldisturbances,wheremountainforestnotonlyhadhighestherb-layerdiversitybutalsomoreexclusivespecies.Conclusions:OurstudysuggeststhatmixedNothofagusforestsupportscoexistenceofbothpuredeciduousandpureevergreenunderstoryplantspeciesanddifferentassemblagesincoastalandmountainsites.Maintainingthemixtureofcanopypatchtypeswithinmixedstandswillbeimportantforconservingthenaturalpatternsofunderstoryplantcompositioninsouthernbeechmixedforests.

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简介：我们确定了在在到March-2013的从April-2010的Kundapura的红树属植物的鸟的种类差异。我们记录了36个家庭和14目的79种类。这71%者之中是居民种类，22%是居住候鸟，8%是迁移的。一危及的种，三近威胁的种，和一些偶尔的来宾被记录。种类差异和许多鸟是更大的在期间从整个是的5月的10月，有食物，增加的植被和候鸟的到达的可获得性。最小的差异由于大雨通过9月从6月被记录，水的增加的流动，食物的有限可获得性和候鸟的回来。

简介：Background:Withinthehighlybio-diverse‘NorthernVietnamLowlandRainForestsEcoregion'onlysmall,andmostlyhighlymodifiedforestlandspersistwithinvastexotic-speciesplantations.Theaimofthisstudywastoelucidatevegetationpatternsofasecondaryhillsiderainforestremnant(elevation120–330m,76ha)asanoutcomeofnaturalprocesses,andanthropogenicprocesseslinkedtochangingforestvalues.Methods:Intherainforestremnanttreespeciesandvariousbio-physicalparameters(relatingtosoilsandterrain)weresurveyedonforty20m×20msizedplots.Theforest'svegetationpatternsandtreediversitywereanalysedusingdendrograms,canonicalcorrespondenceanalysis,andotherstatisticaltools.Results:Foresttreespeciesrichnesswashigh(172inthesurvey,94perhectare),includingmanyendemicspecies(>16%;somerecentlydescribed).Vegetationpatternsanddiversitywerelargelyexplainedbytopography,withcolline/sub-montanespeciespresentmainlyalonghillsideridges,andlowland/humid-tropicalspeciespredominantonlowerslopes.Scarcityofhigh-valuetimberspeciesreflectedpastlogging,whereasabundanceoflight-demandingspecies,andspeciesvaluedforfruits,providedevidenceofhuman-aidedforestrestorationand‘enrichment'intermsofusefultrees.Exhaustionofsought-afterforestproducts,anddecreasingappreciationofnon-woodproductsconcurredwithfurtherencroachmentofexoticplantationsinbetween2010and2015.Regenerationofraretreespecieswasreducedprobablyduetoforestisolation.Conclusions:Despitelong-termanthropogenicinfluences,remnantforestsinthelowlandsofVietnamcanharborhighplantbiodiversity,includingmanyendangeredspecies.Varioussuccessivefuturechanges(vanishingspecies,generalistdominance,andassociatedforeststructural-qualitativechanges)are,however,expectedtooccurinsmalforestfragments.Lowlandforestbiodiversitycanonlybemaintainedifforestfragmentsmaintainacertainsizeand/orareconnect

简介：Background:Estimationoftreediversityatbroaderscaleisimportantforconservationplanning.Treediversityshouldbemeasuredandunderstoodintermsofdiversityandevenness,twointegralcomponentstodescribethestructureofabiologicalcommunity.Variationofthetreediversityandevennesswithelevation,topographicrelief,aspect,terrainshape,slope,soilnutrient,solarradiationetc.arewelldocumented.Methods:Presentstudyexploresthevariationoftreediversity(measuredasShannondiversityandevennessindices)ofMajellaNationalPark,Italywithfiveavailableforesttypesnamelyevergreenoakwoods,deciduousoakwoods,black/aleppopinestands,hop-hornbeamforestandbeechforest,usingsatellite,environmentalandfielddata.Results:Hop-hornbeamforestwasfoundtobemostdiverseandevenwhileevergreenOakwoodswasthelowestdiverseandeven.Diversityandevennessofforesttypeswereconcurrenttoeachotheri.e.foresttypewhichwasmorediversewasalsomoreeven.Asabroadpattern,majorityportionofthestudyareabelongedtomediumdiversityandhighevennessclass.Conclusions:SateliteimagesandotherGISdataprovedusefultoolsinmonitoringvariationoftreediversityandevennessacrossvariousforesttypes.PresentstudyfindingsmayhaveimplicationsinprioritizingconservationzonesofhightreediversityatMajela.

简介：Basedoninvestigationof53gapsand25quadrats(15m×15meach)ofnon-gapclosedstandinanold-growthtropicalmontanerainforestofHainanIsland,China,canopydisturbanceregimesandgapregenerationwerestudied.Gapswereellipticalinhorizontalform,theratiooflongaxis/shortaxiswasabout1.4.Percentageofexpandedgaps(EG)andcanopygaps(CG)areainthelandscapewere53.5%and25.2%respectively.EGrangedfrom31.4m2to488.2m2andCG/rom14.9m2to354.2m2,theiraveragesizes...

简介：Background:The‘Khasihillsal'forestecosysteminMeghalaya,Indiarepresentstheeasternmostlimitofsaldistribution.Wetestediftreediversityandcompositionalheterogeneityofthisecosystemwashigherthanothersal-dominatedforestsduetomoisterenvironment.Methods:Vegetationwassampledin11transectsof10mwidthandupto500mlengthcovering5.2haarea.Allstems≥10cmgirthatbreastheightwereenumerated.Results:WefoundapatternofmixeddominanceofShorearobusta(sal)andSchimawallichiiandco-dominanceofPinuskesiyaandCareyaarborea.TheShannon'sdiversityindex(H′)was3.395nats.ThisvalueisremarkablyhighandcompetitivetothatofmoistsalforestsofeasternHimalayanfoothillsandsal-dominatedforestsofTripura.AhighvalueofH′wasmanifestedby:a)highspeciesrichness(S=123),b)goodequitability(70.6%),c)‘fair'resourceapportionment,andd)abundanceofrarespecies(84%specieswithlessthanonepercentoftotalindividuals,67%specieswithtwoorlessindividualsha-1and59%specieswithoneorlessindividualsha-1).Thecompositionalheterogeneitywas‘fair'(Whittaker'sβw=3.15).ThepresenceofFagaceaewithsixspeciescommanding4.3%ofimportancevalue(IVI)andofapine(P.kesiya)insalforestwasremarkable.Asmanyas58speciesshowed‘lowdensity(≤10individualsha-1),uniformdispersion',fivespeciesachieved‘higherdensity(>10individualsha-1),uniformdispersion'andsixofthetop10specieswere‘clumped'.Theforestshowedanexponentialdemographiccurveillustrating‘good'regenerationofanexpandingcommunity.Verticalstratificationwassimplewithapoorcanopyandfairsubcanopy,whichtogetherwithlowbasalarea(15.65m2·ha-1forindividuals≥10cmgbh)indicatedloggingofmaturesaltreesinthepast.Conclusions:The‘Khasihillsal'forestecosystemisricherinalphaandbetadiversitythanmostsal-dominatedforests,butpastlogginghasreducedbasalarea.Selectiveremovalofsmal