简介：AbstractHepatitis D virus (HDV) infection causes the most severe form of viral hepatitis with rapid progression to cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although discovered > 40 years ago, little attention has been paid to this pathogen from both scientific and public communities. However, effectively combating hepatitis D requires advanced scientific knowledge and joint efforts from multi-stakeholders. In this review, we emphasized the recent advances in HDV virology, epidemiology, clinical feature, treatment, and prevention. We not only highlighted the remaining challenges but also the opportunities that can move the field forward.

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简介：Livertransplantation（LT）isalife-savingtreatmentforpatientswithend-stageliverdiseaseandforpatientswithlivercellcancerrelatedtoliverdisease.Acuteandchronicliverdiseasesrelatedtohepatitisvirusesarebetweenthemainindicationsforlivertransplantation.Theriskofviralreinfectionaftertransplantationisthemainlimitingfactorintheseindications.Beforetheavailabilityofantiviralprophylaxis,hepatitisBvirus（HBV）recurrencewasuniversalinpatientswhowereHBVDNA-positivebeforetransplantation.ThenaturalhistoryofrecurrentHBVwasacceleratedbyimmunosuppression,anditprogressedrapidlytograftfailureanddeath.Introductionofpost-transplantprophylaxiswithimmunoglobulinalonefirst,andassociatedtoantiviraldrugslater,drasticallyreducedHBVrecurrence,resultinginexcellentlong-termoutcomes.Onthecontrary,recurrenceofhepatitisCisthemaincauseofgraftlossinmosttransplantprograms.Overall,patientandgraftsurvivalafterLTforhepatitisCvirus（HCV）-associatedcirrhosisisinferiorcomparedwithotherindications.However,successfulpretransplantorposttransplantantiviraltherapyhasbeenassociatedwithincreasedgraftandoverallsurvival.Untilrecently,thecombinationofpegylatedinterferonandribavirinwasthestandardofcareforthetreatmentofpatientswithchronichepatitisC.Highlyactiveantiviralcompoundshavebeendevelopedoverthepastdecade,thankstonewinvitrosystemstostudyHCVentry,replication,assembly,andrelease.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatetheclinicalcharacteristicsoffulminanthepatitisinpregnancy.METHODS:Wecomparedandanalyzedtheetiology,clinicalcharacteristics,andlaboratoryexaminationsof25casesoffulminanthepatitisinpregnancyand30casesoffulminanthepatitisnotinpregnancy.RESULTS:HBVinfectionandchronicfulminanthepatitisweremostcommonbothinthepregnantandinthenon-pregnantgroups.Jaundice,digestivetractsymptoms,increaseofbilirubinandthrombinogenactivitywerethemainmanifestations.Theincidenceofhepaticencephalopathy(HE)andhepato-renalsyndrome(HRS)wassignificantlydifferentbetweenthetwogroups.Theincidenceofpretermlabor,deadfetusandneonatalasphyxiawashigh.CONCLUSION:Fulminanthepatitisislikelytooccurinlatepregnancywithmoreseverecomplications,whichsignificantlyinfluencesmaternity,perinatalfetus,andnewborn.

简介：瞄准：为了在病人调查胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病的临床的参数的流行，由长期的丙肝(CHC)或长期的肝炎B(CHB)影响了。方法：我们回顾地评估了经历了肝活体检视的852个连续病人(726CHC和126CHB)。我们记录了年龄，性别，中高音，类型2糖尿病或新陈代谢的症候群(MS)，身体团索引(BMI)，和明显的疾病持续时间(增加)。结果：年龄，增加，BMI，在有温和/中等的肝纤维变性的病人的MS和糖尿病的流行在CHC是显著地更高的。然而，脂肪变性的度和在肝活体检视评估的肝纤维变性没在CHC和CHB病人之间不同。在多变量分析，年龄，性别，BMI，中高音和糖尿病是为在CHC的肝纤维变性的独立风险因素，而仅仅年龄与在CHB的肝纤维变性有关。我们也评估了在重要脂肪变性之间的协会(>30%)并且年龄，性别，BMI，糖尿病，MS和肝纤维变性。糖尿病，BMI和肝纤维变性与脂肪变性>被联系30%在CHC，而仅仅年龄和BMI与在CHB的脂肪变性有关。结论：这些数据可以显示丙肝病毒感染是为胰岛素抵抗的一个风险因素。

简介：AbstractBackground:Hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) is a promising disease-monitoring marker for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We investigated correlations between HBcrAg with antiviral efficacy and virological and histological variables.Methods:One hundred and forty-five CHB patients from the mainland of China between August 2013 and September 2016 who underwent liver biopsy received entecavir therapy and had paired liver biopsy at 78 weeks. We analyzed correlations between HBcrAg and virological and histological variables in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive and HBeAg-negative patients. We also explored the predictors of HBeAg loss after 78 weeks of antiviral therapy. Pearson correlation analysis and logistic forward stepwise regression were the main statistic methods.Results:HBeAg-positive patients (n = 93) had higher baseline HBcrAg (median 7.4 vs. 5.3 log10 U/mL P < 0.001) and greater HBcrAg declines (median 1.6 vs. 0.9 log10 U/mL P= 0.007) than HBeAg-negative patients after 78 weeks of therapy. At baseline, HBcrAg correlated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in both HBeAg-positive (r = 0.641, P < 0.001) and -negative patients (r = 0.616, P < 0.001), with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in HBeAg-positive patients (r = 0.495, P < 0.001), but not with anti-hepatitis B virus core antibody (anti-HBc). Weak correlations existed between HBcrAg, histology activity index (HAI; r = 0.232, P= 0.025), and Ishak fibrosis score (r= -0.292, P= 0.005) in HBeAg-positive patients. At 78 weeks, significant correlations existed only between HBcrAg and anti-HBc in HBeAg-positive (r = -0.263, P = 0.014) and HBeAg-negative patients (r= -0.291, P= 0.045). Decreased HBcrAg significantly correlated with reduced HBV DNA (r= 0.366, P= 0.001; r= 0.626, P < 0.001) and HBsAg (r = 0.526, P = 0.001; r = 0.289, P = 0.044) in HBeAg-positive and -negative patients, respectively, and with reduced HAI in HBeAg-positive patients (r = 0.329, P = 0.001). Patients with HBeAg loss (n = 29) showed a larger reduction in HBcrAg than those without (median 2.3 vs. 1.3 log10 U/mL, P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, decreased HBcrAg was an independent predictor of HBeAg loss (P = 0.005).Conclusions:HBcrAg reflects viral replication and protein production. Decreased HBcrAg could predict HBeAg loss after antiviral therapy.Trial registration:Clinical Trials.gov: NCT01962155; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01962155?term=NCT01962155&draw=2&rank=1

简介：AbstractChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global health burden. Timely and effective antiviral therapy is beneficial for patients with HBV infection. With existing antiviral drugs, including nucleos(t)ide analogs and interferon-alfa, patients can achieve viral suppression with improved prognosis. However, the rate of hepatitis B surface antigen loss is low. To achieve a functional cure and even complete cure in chronic hepatitis B patients, new antivirals need to be developed. In this review, we summarized the advantages and disadvantages of existing antiviral drugs and focused on new antivirals including direct-acting antiviral drugs and immunotherapeutic approaches.

简介：在这篇文章，我们在场有浸透的发生的一个肝炎B流行模型。确定、随机的系统的动态行为被学习。到这个目的，我们首先建立确定的模型的平衡的本地、全球的稳定性条件。由构造合适的随机的Lyapunov功能，第二，为肝炎B的各态历经的静止分发以及扑灭的存在的足够的条件被获得。

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简介：ThepurposeofthisstudywastoconstructaneukaryoticDNAvectorencodingamultipleepitopeantigen(MFC)ofhepatitisCvirus(HCV)andahepatitisBsurfaceantigen(HBsAg),andexploretheeffectofHBsAggeneontheimmunityofHCVmultiple-epitopeDNAconstructinvitroandinvivoinmice.AnHCVDNAvector(pVAX1-HBs-MFC)wasconstructedbyfusingHBsAggenetotheNterminalofanHCVmultiple-epitopeantigengene.ThepVAX1-HBs-MFCwastransfectedintoHEK293TcellsanditsexpressionwasmeasuredbyELISAandWesternblotting.BALB/cmicewereintramuscularlyimmunizedwiththepVAX1-HBs-MFC,andanELISAapproachwasappliedtodeterminethespecificantibodytitersandsubtypesinthemouseserum.Thecross-reactivityoftheantibodieswasalsocheckedwithtwosynthesizedHCVhypervariableregion1(HVR1)peptides.TheIFN-γproductionandcellproliferationofthemousespleencellswereevaluatedbyELISAandMTS(3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-5-[3-carboxymethoxyphenyl]-2-[4-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium,innersalt)assays,respectively.TheexpressionofpVAX1-HBs-MFCwasdetectableinthetransfectedHEK293Tcells.TheserumantibodyresponsewaseffectivelyelicitedinBALB/cmiceinjectedwithpVAX1-HBs-MFC.ThehighesttiterofantibodyagainstHCV(MFC)was1:1280,andtheratioofIgG2a/IgG1was1.50±0.12atthefifthweekafterfirstimmunization.Moreover,thecollectedmouseserumantibodyhadtheabilitytocross-reactwiththetwosynthesizedHCVHVR1peptides.ThestimulationindexofthemousesplenocytestoMFCwas1.79±0.07,andtheIFN-γlevelwas287±6pg/mlatweek21afterfirstimmunization.ThehighesttiteroftheantibodyincontrolBALB/cmiceimmunizedwithpVAX1-MFCwas1:320,andtheratioofIgG2a/IgG1was1.33±0.11atweek5post-immunization.Furthermore,thestimulationindexofthemousesplenocytescellstoMFCwas1.52+0.06,andtheIFN-γlevelwas225±9.3pg/mlatweek21post-immunization.TheHBsAggenecanenhancetheeffectsofanHCVmultiple-epitope

简介：瞄准：把在病人之间的标准肝炎B(HBV)种痘的反应与长期的丙肝作比较病毒(HCV)感染和健康个人。方法：这是未来的盒子控制研究。有长期的HCV感染和40健康控制的38个病人的一个总数被包括。种痘被20大杯recombinantHBsAg的注射在瞬间0，1和6点执行进三角肌肌肉。Anti-HBs集中是在最后剂量以后决定了3瞬间并且在二个组之间比较了。反应模式是被描绘(1)高反应当anti-HBs抗体效价是>时100IU/L，(2)低反应当效价是10-100IU/L时并且(3)没有反应当效价是<时10IU/L。结果：在耐心的组，有10/38(26.3%)非应答者，8/38(21.1%)低应答者并且20/38(52.6%)高应答者。在控制组的相应价值是2/40(5.0%)，7/40(17.5%)和31/40(77.5%)分别地。反应模式在二个组之间是统计上不同的。在里面多变量分析，吸烟是重要confounder，当HCV感染与更低的抗体反应失去了它的重要关联时。结论：有长期的HCV感染的病人趋于与健康个人相比对HBV种痘微弱地作出回应，尽管这关联不是独立的根据多变量分析。

简介：流行病学的研究为长期的肝炎B的一个原因的角色提供了压到优势的证据在hepatocellular癌(HCC)的发展的病毒(HBV)感染。然而，HBV感染的致病和联系HBV的HCC的carcinogenesis仍然是逃犯的。这评论将在涉及HBV相关的肝carcinogenesis的机制上总结当前的知识。在肿瘤形成的HBV的角色出现到复杂，并且可以包含直接、间接的机制。进主人染色体的HBVDNA的集成发生在同种细胞的肿瘤的早步扩大，和它被显示了提高主人chromosomal不稳定性，导致大转换复制，删除和chromosomaltranslocations。chromosomal改变的率在HBV相关的肿瘤显著地被增加，这被显示出。病毒的规章的HBVx蛋白质的延长表示可以贡献调整表明小径的细胞的抄写，蛋白质降级，增长，和apoptotic，并且它在hepatocellular癌的发展起一个关键作用。

简介：Inordertoinvestigatetheimmtmogenicityofthecontrolled-releasemicroencapsulatedhepatitisBvaccineinmice,polyethyleneglycol-poly-dl-lactide(PELA)microsphereswithentrappedHSsAgwerepreparedbydoubleemulsionW/O/Wbasedonsolventextractionmethods.BALB/cmicewereimmunizedwiththeencapsulatedvaccinebyoralfeedingorinjection.Bloodsampleswerecollectedat8^th,10^th,14^thand24^thweeks,respectively,andthelevelsofantibodyresponseweredetectedbyEI.ISA.Itwasfoundthatthescanningelectronmicroscopyshowedthepreparedmicrosphereshadsmoothandsphericalsurface,suitableforvaccinedelivery.Twogroupsofmiceorallyfedwiththeencapsulatedorconventionalrecombinantvaccines,respectively,theresereshowednoobviousdifferenceintheIgGlevels.At14^thweek,thegroupinjectedwithasingledoseofencapsulatedvaccinehadasimilarlevelofIgGresponsetothegroupinjectedwithtwodosesoftherecombinationvaccine.At24^thweek,theIgGlevelsofthegroupinjectedwithtwodosesofencapsulatedvaccinewerehigherthanthoseofthegroupinjectedwithtwodosesoftherecombinationvaccine.ItconcludesthatControlled-releasemicroencapsulatedhepatitisBvaccinepossessesthefeatureofslowlyreleasinginv/voandlongtimesimmtmogenicity.

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简介：丙肝在全球保健上强加重要负担。长期的感染与典型地在肝硬化，机关失败和癌症表明的肝的进步发炎被联系。由精致的避免策略的优点，丙肝病毒(HCV)作为一个坚持的人的病毒成功。它有一个非凡的能力破坏使它能建立长期的感染和联系的肝疾病的有免疫力的反应。Chemokines是低分子的重量调停的趋化性的肽进纸巾的煽动性的房间和进lymphatics和外部血的背的招募。因此，他们对受动器和规章的有免疫力的房间的时间、空间的分发中央。在chemokines和他们的血缘的受体帮助之间的相互作用塑造有免疫力的反应因此，在感染的结果上有主要影响。然而，chemokines包括HCV由病毒为调整代表一个目标。HCV被知道并且可以因此由通过改变的白血球在vivo破坏有免疫力的反应启用它的幸存趋化性导致损害病毒的清理和长期的低档发炎的建立在vitro调制chemokine表示。在这评论，在尖锐、长期的HCV感染的chemokines的角色被描述，一个特别重音作为有免疫力的颠覆的一个工具放了在chemokine调整上。我们提供一在里面部分的深度讨论在调停由chemokines玩了肝的纤维变性当在预示的药为这些chemoattractants探讨潜在的应用时。

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简介：AbstractMother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the main cause of chronic hepatitis B. The prevention of MTCT plays a critical role in control chronic hepatitis B. The main purpose of the present clinical guidelines is to aid healthcare providers in managing pregnant women with positive HBsAg and in preventing MTCT of HBV. We recommend: (1) all pregnant women require prenatal screen for hepatitis B serological markers; (2) newborn infants of mothers with negative hepatitis B surface (HBsAg) require administration of hepatitis B vaccine on a 0, 1, and 6 month-schedule; (3) newborn infants of mothers with positive HBsAg need hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and birth dose vaccine within 12 hours (the sooner the better) after birth, followed by injection of the second and third dose of hepatitis B vaccine at the age of one and six months respectively; (4) in preterm neonates or neonates with poor health conditions born to HBsAg-positive mothers, the immunoprophylaxis measures should be appropriately taken; (5) to further reduce MTCT of HBV, pregnant women with HBV DNA levels >2×105 IU/mL or positive hepatitis B e antigen may receive oral antivirals, starting from 28 to 32 weeks of gestation and discontinuing the drug on the delivery day; (6) cesarean section is not recommended to reduce MTCT of HBV; (7) breastfeeding is recommended in infants of HBsAg-positive mothers, regardless of maternally positive hepatitis B e antigen, maternal nipple injury or bleeding, oral mucosal injury in neonates or infants; (8) breastfeeding is recommended in infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers who require continuation of antiviral therapy after delivery, and the infants should be followed up to observe whether adverse effects develop; and (9) the infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers should be tested for hepatitis B serological markers at the age of 7-12 months, and those who are negative for HBsAg and anti-HBs should receive three doses of hepatitis B vaccine on the 0, 1, and 6 month-schedule as soon as possible.

简介：瞄准：为了学习流行和风险因素，与人的免疫不全与三倍的感染联系了在一张城市的诊所人口的病毒(HIV)/hepatitisB(HBV)/hepatitisC病毒(HCV)。方法：5639个病人的回顾的图表评论在纽约城市里在圣卢凯斯鲁塞韦尔特医院HIV诊所(全面照顾的中心)列在后面，从1999年1月的美国到2007年5月。下列人口统计的特征被分析：年龄，性别，种族和HIV冒因素的风险。多重逻辑回归分析被执行在这些病毒的获得上评估人口统计的因素的影响。结果：HIV/HBV，HIV/HCV和HIV/HBV/HCV感染在252/5639(4.47%)被检测，1411/5639(25.02%)和89/5639(1.58%)病人分别地。HIV/HBV合作感染与男性被联系(或1.711；P=0.005)，黑色跑(或2.091；P<0.001)，人与\O性交人(MSM)(或1.747；P=0.001)，静脉内的药使用(IDU)(或0.114；P<0.001)，IDU和异性爱的活动(或0.247；P=0.018)，或未知(或1.984；P=0.004)。HIV/HCV合作感染与男性被联系(或1.241；P=0.011)，黑色跑(或0.788；P=0.036)，MSM(或0.565；P<0.001)，IDU(或8.956；P<0.001)，IDU和异性爱的活动(或9.106；P<0.001)，IDU和MSM(或9.179；P<0.001)，或输送(或3.224；P<0.001)。HIV/HBV/HCV合作感染与男性被联系(或2.156；P=0.015)，IDU(或6.345；P<0.001)，IDU和异性爱的活动(或9.731；P<0.001)，IDU和MSM(或9.228；P<0.001)，或未知(或4.219；P=0.007)。结论：我们的学习证明有HBV/HCV/HIV的合作感染显著地与IDU被联系。这些结果加亮需要加强教育和综合照顾的最佳的模型，特别地为有IDU的人口，到减少病毒的传播的风险。