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简介：Hybridorganic-inorganicperovskites(e.g.CH3NH3PbI3)haveattractedtremendousattentionduetotheirpromiseforachievingnext-generationcosteffectiveandhighperformanceoptoelectronicdevices.Thesehybridorganic-inorganicperovskitespossessexcellentopticalandelectronicproperties,includingstronglightabsorption,highcarrierabilities,optimizedchargediffusionlengths,andreducedchargerecombinationetc.,leadingtotheirwidespreadapplicationsinadvancedsolarenergytechnologies(e.g.highefficiencyperovskitesolarcells).However,thereisstillalackofinvestigationsregardingfundamentalpropertiessuchasferroelectricityintheseperovskites.Asconventionalferroelectricceramicsarepreparedathightemperatureandhavenomechanicallyflexibility,low-temperatureproceedandflexibleperovskiteferroelectricshavebecomepromisingcandidatesandshouldbeexploitedforfutureflexibleferroelectricapplications.Here,ferroelectricpropertiesinhybridorganic-inorganicperovskitesandseveralstate-of-theartperovskiteferroelectricsarereviewed.Novelferroelectricapplicationsofhybridorganic-inorganicperovskitesarediscussedaswell,providingguidelineforrealizingfuturehighperformanceandflexibleferroelectricdevices.

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简介：Biocharcouldhelptostabilizesoilorganic(SOM)matter,thussequesteringcarbon(C)intothesoil.Theaimofthisworkwastodetermineaneasymethodi)toestimatetheeffectsoftheadditionofbiocharandnutrientsontheorganicmatter(SOM)mineralizationinanartificialsoil,proposedbytheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD),amendedwithglucoseandii)tomeasuretheamountoflabileorganicmatter(glucose)thatcanbesorbedandthusbepartiallyprotectedinthesamesoil,amendedornotamendedwithbiochar.Afactorialexperimentwasdesignedtochecktheeffectsofthreesinglefactors(biochar,nutrients,andglucose)andtheirinteractionsonwholeSOMmineralization.Soilsampleswereinoculatedwithamicrobialinoculumandpreincubatedtoensurethattheirbiologicalactivitieswerenotlimitedbyasmallamountofmicrobialbiomass,andthentheywereincubatedinthedarkat21℃for619d.PeriodicalmeasurementsofCmineralizedtocarbondioxide(CO_2)werecarriedoutthroughoutthe619-dincubationtoallowthemineralizationofbothactiveandsloworganicmatterpools.Theamountofsorbedglucosewascalculatedasthedifferencebetweenthetotalandremainingamountsofglucoseaddedinasoilextract.Twodifferentmodels,theFreundlichandLangmuirmodels,wereselectedtoassesstheequilibriumisothermsofglucosesorption.TheCO_2-Creleasestronglydependedonthepresenceofnutrientsonlywhennobiocharwasaddedtothesoil.ThemineralizationoforganicmatterinthesoilamendedwithbothbiocharandglucosewasequaltothesumofthemineralizationofthetwoCsourcesseparately.Furthermore,asignificantamountofglucosecanbesorbedonthebiochar-amendedsoil,suggestingtheinvolvementofphysico-chemicalmechanismsinlabileorganicmatterprotection.

简介：Thepresentstudywasanefforttounderstandtheamountoflitterfallanditssubsequentdecompositionandquantifythereleaseofavailablenutrientsandsoilphysicochemicalcharacteristicsinplantationsoffourforesttreespecies(Lagerstroemiaparviflora,Tectonagrandis,ShorearobustaandMicheliachampaca)intheChilapattaReserveForestoftheCoochBeharWildlifeDivisionintheTeraizoneofWestBengal,India.Themostlitter(5.61Mgha-1)wasproducedbyT.grandisplantationandtheleast(4.72Mgha-1)byL.parviflora.Thematerialturnoverratetothesoilthroughdecompositionfromtotallitterwasfastestduringthefirstquarteroftheyearandsubsequentlydecreasedduringthenexttwoquarters.Thematerialturnoverratewasonly1year,whichindicatesthatmorethan90%ofthetotallitterproduceddecomposedwithinayear.Theavailableprimarynutrientcontentinlittervariedacrossthefourplantationsovertheyear.Theplantationsgenerallydidnotsignificantlyinfluencethesoilphysicalcharacteristicsbutdidsignificantlyinfluencetheavailabilityofprimarynutrientsandorganiccarbonattwodepths(1-15and16-30cm)overtheyear.Theavailabilityofsoilprimarynutrientsinthefourplantationsalsoincreasedgraduallyfromthefirstquarteroftheyeartothethirdquarterandthendecreasedduringthelastquartertothesamelevelasinthefirstquarteroftheyearatbothdepths.Theavailabilityforsoilorganiccarbonintheplantationsfollowedasimilatrend.Theamountoflitterproducedandthematerialturnoverinthesoilinthedifferentplantationsdiffered,influencingthenutrientavailabilityandorganiccarbonattheplantations.TheamountofsoilorganiccarbonwashighestforT.grandis(2.52Mgha-1)andlowestforL.parviflora(2.12Mgha-1).Litteristhesourceofsoilorganicmatter,andmorethelitterthatisproducedbytheplantations,thehigherwillbethecontentandamountofsoilorganiccarbonintheplantation.

简介：Laserinsituscatteringandtransmissometry(LISST)significantlyimprovesourabilitytoassessparticlesizedistribution(PSD)inseawater,whilewide-rangingmeasurementsoftheorganic-inorganiccompositionsofsuspendedparticulatematters(SPM)arestilldifficultbyusingtraditionalmethodssuchasmicroscopy.Inthisstudy,PSDpropertiesandSPMcompositionsaroundtheBohaiStrait(China)wereinvestigatedbasedonthemeasurementsbyLISSTincombinationwithhydro-biologicalparameterscollectedfromafieldsurveyinsummer2014.FourtypicalPSDshapeswerefoundintheregion,namelyright-peak,left-peak,double-peakandnegative-skewshapes.Thedouble-peakandnegative-skewshapesmayinterconvertintoeachotheralongwithstronghydrodynamicvariation.IntheupperlayeroftheBohaiSea,organicparticleswereinthemajority,withinorganicparticlesrarelyobserved.Inthebottomlayer,SPMwerethemixtureoforganicandinorganicmatters.LISSTprovidedvaluablebaselineinformationonsize-resolvedorganic-inorganiccompositionsofSPM:thesizeoforganicparticlesmainlyrangedfrom4to20μmand40to100μm,whilemostSPMrangingfrom20to40μmwerecomposedofinorganicsediment.

简介：TheJiaozhouBayischaracterizedbyheavyeutrophicationthatisassociatedwithintensiveanthropogenicactivities.FourcoresedimentsfromtheJiaozhouBayareanalyzedusingbulktechnologies,includingsedimentarytotalorganiccarbon(TOC),totalnitrogen(TN),thestablecarbon(δ~(13)C)andnitrogen(δ~(15)N)isotopiccompositiontoobtainthecomprehensiveunderstandingofthesourceandcompositionofsedimentaryorganicmatterandfurthershedlightontheenvironmentalchangesoftheJiaozhouBayonacentennialtimescale.ResultssuggestthattheTOCandTNconcentrationsincreaseintheuppercore,havingindicatedaprobableeutrophicationprocesssincethe1920sintheinnerbayandthe2000sinthebaymouth.TheTOCandTNconcentrationsoutsidethebayhavealsochangedsince1916owingtothevariationofterrigenousinput.ConsideringTOC/TNratio,δ~(13)Candδ~(15)N,itcanbeconcludedthereisamixtureofterrigenousandmarineorganicmattersourcesinthestudyarea.Asimpletwoend-member(terrigenousandmarine)mixingmodelusingδ~(13)Cindicatsthat45%–79%ofTOCintheJiaozhouBayisfromthemarinesource.TheenvironmentalchangesoftheJiaozhouBayarerecordedbygeochemicalproxies,whichareinfluencedbytheintensiveanthropogenicactivities(e.g.,extensiveuseoffertilizers,anddischargeofsewage)andclimatechanges(e.g.,rainfall).

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简介：在农业土地支持土壤碳隐遁是可行策略之一速度观察气候变化。然而，玷污物理骚乱由加速侵蚀加重了土壤降级过程。因此，减少通过适当farming/agricultural系统的物理骚乱是的土壤的大小和紧张对农业陆地的土壤碳水池能力的管理必要。不同土地的四个地点使用类型/耕种惯例，我)到没有为止(NT)玉米(ZeamaysL.)(NTC)，ii)到为止常规(CT)玉米(CTC)，iii)pastureland(PL)，和iv)本国的森林(NF)，在北方Appalachian试验性的分水岭车站，包括水马厩聚集在土壤总数索引上估计NT耕作的影响的美国俄亥俄，吝啬的重量直径(MWD)和几何平均数被选择直径(GMD)，和土壤器官的碳和全部的氮内容。收到的NTC阴谋恐吓粪肥增加(大约15t哈1)每隔一年。CTC阴谋包含了耕作的disking和凿子和液体化肥申请(110L哈1)。结果证明水马厩聚集和MWD比为CTC在为NTC的土壤是更大的。在0-10厘米土壤层，>4.75公里尺寸部分统治了NTC并且而在不同地点之中的1)跟随了NF的趋势，为CTC多于那是46%>PL>NTC>CTC，为在CTC上的NTC更是35%-46%。NT实践提高了在CT实践上并且这样的器官的碳内容是的土壤在农田的碳隐遁的重要策略玷污。

简介：一系列新奇低乐队差距施主领受人(D-A)类型在主要的链(M1)并且在由电子缺乏的领受人块组成的器官的共聚物(BT-F-TPA，BT-CZ-TPA和BT-SI-TPA)悬挂(M2)是与不同电子富人一起的polymerized施主(M3M5)块，即，9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluorene，N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole，和2,6-dithinosilole，分别地经由铃木方法。这些聚合物展出了相对低的乐队差距(1.651.88eV)和宽广吸收范围(680740nm)。作为电子施主合并这些聚合物的体积异质接面(BHJ)太阳能电池，相配与[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric酸甲基酉旨(PC61BM)或[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric酸甲基酉旨(PC71BM)作为在不同重量的电子领受人，比率下面被制作并且测试与白光的照明的AM1.5的100mW/cm2。包含施主BT-SI-TPA和领受人PC71在1:2重量比率的BM显示出1.88%的最好的力量变换效率(PCE)值，与开的电路电压(Voc)=0.75V，短路电流密度(Jsc)=7.60妈/厘米2,并且充满因素(FF)=33.0%。

简介：Nitrogen-dopedthree-dimensional(3D)porouscarbonmaterialshavenumerousapplicationsduetotheirhighlyporousstructures,abundantstructuralnitrogenheteroatomdecorationandlowdensities.Herein,nitrogendopedhierarchical3Dporouscarbons(NHPC)werepreparedviaanovelmetal–organicaerogel(MOA),usinghexamethylenetetramine(HMT),1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylicacidandcopper(II)asstartingmaterials.Themorphology,porousstructureofthebuildingblocksintheNHPCcanbetunedreadilyusingdifferentamountofHMT,whichmakeselongationofthepristineoctahedronofHKUST-1togiverisetodifferentaspectratiorod-likestructures.Theas-preparedNHPCwithrod-likecarbonsexhibithighperformanceinlithiumsulfurbatteryduetotherationaliontransferpathways,highN-dopeddopingandhierarchicalporousstructures.Asaresult,theinitialspecificcapacityof1341mAh/gatrateof0.5C(1C=1675mAh/g)andhigh-ratecapabilityof354mAh/gat5Cwasachieved.Thedecayover500cyclesis0.08%percycleat1C,highlightingthelong-cycleLi–Sbatteries.

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简介：Modelinggeomechanicalpropertiesofshalestomakesenseoftheircomplexpropertiesisattheforefrontofpetroleumexplorationandexploitationapplicationandhasreceivedmuchresearchattentioninrecentyears.Ashale'skeygeomechanicalpropertieshelptoidentifyits'fracibility'itsfluidflowpatternsandrates,anditsin-placepetroleumresourcesandpotentialcommercialreserves.Themodelsandtheinformationtheyprovide,inturn,enableengineerstodesigndrillingpatterns,fracture-stimulationprogramsandmaterialsselectionthatwillavoidformationdamageandoptimizerecoveryofpetroleum.Awide-rangeoftools,technologies,experimentsandmathematicaltechniquesaredeployedtoachievethis.Characterizingtheinterconnectedfracture,permeabilityandporositynetworkisanessentialstepinunderstandingashaleshighly-anisotropicfeaturesonmultiplescales(nanotomacro).Well-logdata,anditspetrophysicalinterpretationtocalibratemanygeomechanicalmetricstothosemeasuredinrocksamplesbylaboratorytechniquesplaysakeyroleinprovidingaffordabletoolsthatcanbedeployedcost-effectivelyinmultiplewellbores.Likewise,microseismicdatahelpstomatchfracturedensityandpropagationobservedonareservoirscalewithpredictionsfromsimulationsandlaboratorytestsconductedonidealised/simplifieddiscretefracturenetworkmodels.Shalescomplexwettability,adsorptionandwaterimbibitioncharacteristicshaveasignificantinfluenceonpotentialformationdamageduringstimulationandtheshort-termandlongtermflowofpetroleumachievable.Manygasflowmechanismsandmodelsareproposedtakingintoaccountthemultipleflowmechanismsinvolved(e.g.,desorption,diffusion,slippageandviscousflowoperatingatmultipleporositylevelsfromnano-tomacro-scales).Fittinghistoricalproductiondataandwelldeclinecurvestomodelpredictionshelpstoverifywhethermodel'sgeomechanicalassumptionsarerealisticornot.Thisreviewdiscussesthetechniques

简介：AsshaleexploitationisstillinitsinfancyoutsideNorthAmericamuchresearcheffortisbeingchannelledintovariousaspectsofgeochemicalcharacterizationofshalestoidentifythemostprospectivebasins,formationsandmaptheirpetroleumgenerationcapabilitiesacrosslocal,regionalandbasin-widescales.Themeasurementoftotalorganiccarbon,distinguishingandcategorizingthekerogentypesintermsoil-proneversusgas-prone,andusingvitrinitereflectanceandRock-Evaldatatoestimatethermalmaturityarestandardpracticeintheindustryandappliedtosamplesfrommostwellboresdrilled.Itisthetrendsofstableisotopesratios,particularlythoseofcarbon,thewetnessratio(C1/∑(C2+C3)),andcertainchemicalbiomarkersthathaveprovedtobemostinformativeaboutthestatusofshalesasapetroleumsystem.Thesedatamakeitpossibletoidentifyproduction'sweet-spots',discriminateoil-,gas-liquid-andgas-proneshalesfromkerogencompositionsandthermalmaturities.Rolloversandreversalsofethaneandpropanecarbonisotoperatiosareparticularlyindicativeofhighthermalmaturityexposureofanorganic-richshale.Comparisonsofhopane,streraneandterpanebiomarkerswithvitrinitereflectance(Ro)measurementsofthermalmaturityhighlightdiscrepanciessuggestingthatRoisnotalwaysareliableindicatorofthermalmaturity.Majorandtraceelementinorganicgeochemistrydataandratiosprovidesusefulinformationregardingprovenance,paleoenvironments,andstratigraphic-layerdiscrimination.Thisreviewconsidersthedatameasurement,analysisandinterpretationoftechniquesassociatedwithkerogentyping,thermalmaturity,stableandnon-stableisotopicratiosforrocksandgasesderivedfromthem,productionsweet-spotidentification,geochemicalbiomarkersandinorganicchemicalindicators.Italsohighlightsuncertaintiesanddiscrepanciesobservedintheirpracticalapplication,andthenumerousoutstandingquestionsassociatedwiththem.

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简介：HierarchicalporousTiO2nanopillsweresynthesizedusingatitaniummetal-organicframeworkMIL-125（Ti）asprecursor.Theas-synthesizedTiO2nanopillsownedalargespecificsurfaceareaof102m2/ganduniqueporousstructure.Furthermore,theobtainedTiO2nanopillswereappliedasanodematerialsforNa-ionbatteriesforthefirsttime.Theas-synthesizedTiO2nanopillsachievedahighdischargecapacityof196.4mAh/gatacurrentdensityof0.1A/g.Adischargecapacityof115.9mAh/gwasobtainedatahighcurrentdensityof0.5A/gandthecapacityretentionwasremainedashighas90%evenafter3000cycles.Theexcellentelectrochemicalperformancecanbeattributedtoitsuniquehierarchicalporousfeature.

简介：AchangeintheEuropeanUnionenergypolicyhasmarkedlypromotedtheexpansionofbiogasproduction.Consequently,largeamountsofnutrient-richresiduesarebeingusedasorganicfertilizers.Inthisstudy,apotexperimentwasconductedtosimulatethehigh-risksituationofenhancedgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsfollowingorganicfertilizerapplicationinenergymaizecultivation.WehypothesizedthatcattleslurryapplicationenhancedCO_2andN_2Ofluxescomparedtobiogasdigestatebecauseoftheoverallhighercarbon(C)andnitrogen(N)input,andthathigherlevelsofCO_2andN_2OemissionscouldbeexpectedbyincreasingsoilorganicC(SOC)andNcontents.Biogasdigestateandcattleslurry,atarateof150kgNH_4~+-Nha~(-1),wereincorporatedinto3soiltypeswithlow,medium,andhighSOCcontents(Cambisol,MollicGleysol,andSapricHistosol,termedClow,Cmedium,andChigh,respectively).TheGHGexchange(CO_2,CH_4,andN_2O)wasmeasuredon5replicatesoveraperiodof22dusingtheclosedchambertechnique.TheapplicationofcattleslurryresultedinsignificantlyhigherCO_2andN_2Ofluxescomparedtotheapplicationofbiogasdigestate.NodifferenceswereobservedinCH_4exchange,whichwasclosetozeroforalltreatments.SignificantlyhigherCO_2emissionswereobservedinChighcomparedtotheothertwosoiltypes,whereasthehighestN_2OemissionswereobservedinCmedium.Thus,theresultsdemonstratetheimportanceofsoiltype-adaptedfertilizationwithrespecttochangingsoilphysicalandenvironmentalconditions.

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简介：由细丝状的cyanobacteria，海藻的coenobia和acanthomorphicacritarch组成的器官墙的微化石的一个协会从辣椒山页岩形成(PMSF)的非石灰质的claystones和mudstones被记录了，在辣椒山在它的stratotype区域定位了，它是在波兰的神圣的生气的山的部分。这些沉积代表ysog的最旧的阶层??????????h