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简介：

简介：Outof1989wildaccessionssowninseedboxesforscreening,only1003wildaccessionswithgoodgerminationwerescreenedagainstbrownplanthopper(BPH),Nilaparvatalugens(St?l)undergreenhouseconditions.Thecollectioncomprisedofaccessionsfrom11wildspeciesandAfricancultivatedrice.ThegermplasmwasscreenedforBPHfollowingstandardseedboxscreeningtechniqueinthegreenhouse.Asmanyas159accessionswereidentifiedasresistantduringtheyear2012basedononeyearscreening.AselectedsetofBPHresistantaccessionswerescreenedagainduring2013.Basedonthetwoyearsscreening,sevenaccessionsofO.nivara(AA),oneaccessionofO.officinalis(CC),sevenaccessionsofO.australiensis(EE),fiveaccessionsofO.punctata(BBandBBCC)andnineaccessionsofO.latifolia(CCDD)wereconfirmedtoberesistanttoBPH.SofarnoBPHresistancegeneshavebeenidentifiedanddesignatedfromO.nivaraandO.punctata,hencethesemayactasnewsourcesofresistance.

简介：Background:Theroleofwildfoodsincombatingproblemsoffoodshortageisparamount.However,existingapproachestocombatfoodinsecurityshockhavegenerallyfocusedonreducingvulnerabilityviaincreasingproductivityofdomesticatedfoods.Incontrast,approachesthatenhanceresiliencemainlythroughwildfoodsourceshavebeenlessfocused.ThisstudyexaminedthecontributionofwildfoodstohouseholdresiliencetofoodinsecurityinthegreenfaminebeltofEthiopia.Methods:Across-sectionalsurveyof220householdswasconductedusingastructuredquestionnaire,keyinformantinterviews,andsemi-participantobservations.FactoranalysiswasrunusingSPSStoanalyzedata.Correlationanalysiswasusedtoexaminethedirectionandstrengthofassociationbetweenwildfoodsandtheincomeandfoodaccess(IFA),alatentproxyindicatorofresilience.Cross-tabulationwasalsoruntodeterminetheproportionofhouseholdsineachethno-culturegroupundereachresiliencecategory.Results:Themeanamountofwildfoodsobtainedbyhouseholdswas156.61kgperhouseholdperannum.Thiswasabout5%and9%of,grossand,netfoodavailablefromallsourcesrespectively.Wildfoodscontributedwelltohouseholdresilienceasthefactorloading(Factor2=0.467)waslargeenoughandweresignificantlycorrelatedwithIFA(r=0.174).Wildvegetableswerethemostcollectedandconsumedtypeofwildfoodsconstituting52.4%oftotalamountofwildfoods.Thetotalamountofwildfoodswassmallerthanthatofdomesticatedsourcesoffood.Themajorityofhouseholds(38.6%)reported'reducedsourceofwildfoods'asareasonforthis.Smallerproportionoftheindigenous(11.2%)thanthenon-indigenous(34.1%)ethno-culturegroupreportedoneormorereasonsfortheirlowerlevelofdependenceonwildfoods.Conclusion:Fromthestudyweconcludedthatwildfoodshadimportantcontributiontohouseholds'resiliencetofoodshortagesandarelikelytocontinuetocontributeinthefuture,thisbeingmoretoindigenousthannon-indigenousethno-

简介：Background:Theglobalsearchfornewwaystosequestercarbonhasalreadyreachedagriculturallands.Suchlandconstitutesamajorpotentialcarbonsink.Theproductionofhighvaluetimberwithinagroforestrysystemscanfacilitateanin-situcarbonstoragefunction.Thisisfollowedbyapotentiallongtermex-situcarbonsinkwithinlonglastingproductssuchasveneerandfurniture.Forthispurposewildcherry(PrunusaviumL.)isaninterestingoptionformiddleEurope,yieldinghighpricesonthetimbermarket.Methods:Atotalnumberof39wildcherryweresampledin2012and2013toassesstheleaflessabovegroundbiomass.Thecompletetreesincludingstemandbrancheswereseparatedinto1cmdiameterclasses.Woodandbarkfromsub-sampleswereanalysedseparatelyandnutrientcontentwasderived.Modelsforbiomassestimationwereconstructedforalltreecompartments.Results:Thesmallestdiameterclassespossessthehighestproportionofbarkduetosmallercrosssectionalarea.Treeboleswithagreateramountofstemwoodabove10cmindiameterwillhaveamoreconstantbarkproportion.Totalbranchbarkproportionalsoremainsrelativelyconstantaboved_(1.3m)measurementsof8cm.Abalanceisevidentbetweentheproductionofnewbrancheswithalowdiameterandhighbarkproportionoffsetbythethickeningandarelativereductioninbarkproportioninlargerbranches.Theresultsshowthatasingletreewithanageof17and18yearscanstoreupto85kgofcarbonwithintheabovegroundbiomassportion,anamountthatwillincreaseasthetreematures.Branchesdisplaygreaternutrientcontentthanstemsectionspervolumeunitwhichcanbeattributedtoagreaterbarkproportion.Conclusions:Usingthederivedmodelsthecarbonandthenutrientcontentofabove-groundwoodybiomassofwholetreescanbecalculated.Suggestedvaluesforcarbonwithothermajorandminornutrientsheldwithinrelativelyimmaturetreesstronglysupportstheideaoftheinclusionofwildcherrywithinagroforestrysystemsasan

简介：Objective:Panitumumabadministeredasmonotherapyincolorectalcancer(CRC)hasshownresponseanddiseasestabilizationratesofapproximately30%.Thecurrentstudyaimedtoevaluatetheprogression-freesurvival(PFS)andoverallsurvival(OS)ofpatientswithmetastaticcolorectalcancer(mCRC)treatedwithpanitumumabevery3weeksasasecondlinetreatment.Methods:Thisstudyisaretrospectiveanalysisof18patients,agedmorethan18years,withwild-typeKRASexon2mCRCtreatedwithpanitumumabasasecond-linesingleagentafterprogressiononfirst-linechemotherapy.Results:Themediannumberofcoursesreceivedwas10(range,4-29),andthemediandurationoftreatmentwas30weeks(range,12-96weeks).Afteramedianfollow-upperiodof13months,themedianPFSwas6months(range,4.3-7.7months)andthemedianOSwas11months(range,7.4-14.5months).ThemedianPFSwas4monthsforpatientswith

简介：我们从4饲养团的紧张把打电话并且交配的行为和野蛮男性Anastrephaludens(Loew)的不稳定的版本与男性作比较：(i)一个标准饲养团的殖民地(控制)，(ii)基因sexing紧张(Tap-7)，(iii)一个殖民地从在他们的幸存和交配竞争力能力上选择的男性开始了(选择)，并且(iv)一个混合殖民地由与控制女性一起穿过野蛮男性开始了。选择了，完成在地笼子条件下面的更多的matings并且野蛮男性是更有竞争力的。饲养团的紧张显示出除了Tap-7男性在地条件下面打电话给男性的pheromone的更高的百分比，它显示出在实验室笼子条件下面打电话给男性的pheromone的最高的百分比。为所有紧张的成熟男性，地笼子打电话行为在日落前在最后小时期间增加了，与几乎，2褶层增加在最后一半期间由野蛮男性展出了小时。交配4饲养团的紧张的活动的最高的山峰发生了比为野蛮男性早的30min。借助于加煤气的层析团spectrometry(GCMS)的稳固的阶段microextraction(SPME)，男性释放的volatiles的作文被分析并且确定。野蛮男性显著地射出更少的数量(E，E)-α-farnesene但是显著地射出更多的数量(E，E)他们比饲养团的男性变老的-suspensolide。在4饲养团的紧张以内，更显著地释放的Tap-7总计(E，E)-α-farnesene和混血儿更多(E，E)-suspensolide。在化学作文的差别能被紧张和殖民地管理政体的内在的特征解释。叫在野、饲养团的紧张之间的不稳定的作文的行为和年龄变化的描述能在交配竞争力解释差别并且可能为在A优化无菌的昆虫技术有用。ludens。