简介:Cancerhasbecometheleadingcauseofdeath.Theprogressindiagnosisandtreatmentisstilllimited.Overthepastthreedecades,emergenceandrapiddevelopmentofnanotechnologyhavebroughtnewhopesforcancertherapy.Arepertoireofnanomaterialswithcontrollablesize-,shape-,andcomposition-dependentphysiochemicalproperties
简介:Rareearthworkingconferenceofkeyprovinces(autonomousregionsandmunicipalities)andmainrareearthenterpriseswasheldinBeijingonJanuary28.Mr.SUBo,viceministeroftheMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyattendedthemeetingandmadeakeynotespeechof'StandardizingManagement,TransformationandUpgrading,andAchievingSustainableandHealthyDevelopmentofRareEarthIndustry'.
简介:Theglobalcarbonmarkethasdevelopedrapidlywithtwosignificanttrendsofglobalizationandfinancialization.Derivingeconomicinterestisanationdriven-forcebehindtheinternationalclimatenegotiationandcarbonmarket.Accordingtodeeplyanalyzedrelationshipsbetweenthecarbonmarketandthekeysubjectsoftheclimatenegotiation,thisarticlerevealsthatpromotingthedevelopmentoftheglobalcarbonmarketisoneofthecoreinterestsofdevelopednations.Basedonthebackgroundofinternationalcarbonmarketdevelopmentanddomesticcarbonmarketpilots,foursuggestionstothekeyissuesofChina’scarbonmarketareprovided.ThefirstisthatthegoalofChina’scarbonmarketshouldbeinlinewithandcontributetothenationalobjectivesandpoliciesaddressingclimatechange.ThesecondisthattheChinesecarbonmarketshouldmainlytargettheemissionreductionofproduction-sectors,andcontributetotheirupgradationandtransformation.Thethirdismatthedevelopmentofthenation-widecarbonmarketinChinashouldfirsttaketheprincipleofunbalancedregionaldevelopmentintoconsideration.ThefourthisthatlinkingChina’scarbonmarkettotheinternationalmarketshouldkeepstepsinlinewithinternationalopening-upofChina’sfinancingsystem.
简介:昆虫长是最丰富的草食动物,并且植物发展了复杂机制对他们的攻击保卫。特别地,植物能察觉与昆虫herbivory联系的织物损坏的特定的模式。某植物种类能在昆虫察觉某些elicitors在喂期间进入创伤,并且很快激活一系列缠绕的发信号的小径安排各种各样的防御代谢物的生合成的口头的分泌物(OS)。激活Mitogen的蛋白质kinases(MAPK),对所有优核质普通,涉及许多细胞的进程的组织,包括开发和压力回答。在植物,至少二MAPK,水杨酸导致酸的蛋白质kinase(SIPK)和导致创伤的蛋白质kinase(WIPK),被伤害或昆虫OS很快激活;重要地,用在MAPK发信号损害的转基因或变异的植物的基因研究显示MAPK在调整植物激素的导致herbivory的动力学起关键作用,例如jasmonic酸,乙烯和水杨酸酸,和MAPK也为草食动物的transcriptional激活被要求防御代谢物的防卫相关的基因和累积。在这评论,我们在在植物抵抗理解MAPK的功能到昆虫草食动物总结最近的开发。
简介:Epithelialovariancancerisprimarilyadiseaseofolderwomen.Advancedageisriskfactorfordecreasedsurvival.Optimalsurgeryandthesafeandeffectiveadministrationofchemotherapyareessentialforprolongedprogression-freeandoverallsurvival(OS).Inthisarticle,theavailableregimensinboththeprimarytreatmentandrelapsedsettingarereviewed.
简介:Differentapproachesfortreatinglungcancerhavebeendevelopedovertime,includingchemotherapy,radiotherapyandtargetedtherapiesagainstactivatingmutations.Lately,betterunderstandingoftheroleoftheimmunologicalsystemintumorcontrolhasopenedmultipledoorstoimplementdifferentstrategiestoenhanceimmuneresponseagainstcancercells.Itisknownthattumorcellseludeimmuneresponsebyseveralmechanisms.Thedevelopmentofmonoclonalantibodiesagainstthecheckpointinhibitorprogrammedcelldeathprotein1(PD-1)anditsligand(PD-L1),onTcells,hasledtohighactivityincancerpatientswithlonglastingresponses.Nivolumab,anantiPD-1inhibitor,hasbeenrecentlyapprovedforthetreatmentofsquamouscelllungcancerpatients,giventhesurvivaladvantagedemonstratedinaphaseIIItrial.Pembrolizumab,anotherantiPD-1antibody,hasreceivedFDAbreakthroughtherapydesignationfortreatmentofnon-smallcelllungcancer(NSCLC),supportedbydatafromaphaseItrial.ClinicaltrialswithantiPD-1/PD-L1antibodiesinNSCLChavedemonstratedverygoodtolerabilityandactivity,withresponseratesaround20%andamediandurationofresponseof18months.
简介:Objective:Upto40%ofwomenover70yearswithprimaryoperablebreastcancerintheUKaretreatedwithprimaryendocrinetherapy(PET)asanalternativetosurgery.Avarietyoffactorsareimportantindeterminingtreatmentforolderbreastcancerpatients.Thisstudyaimedtoidentifythepatientandtumorfactorsassociatedwithtreatmentallocationinthispopulation.Methods:Prospectivelycollecteddataontreatmentreceived(surgeryvs.PET)wereanalysedwithmultivariablelogisticregressionusingthevariablesage,modifiedCharlsonComorbidityIndex(CCI),activitiesofdailyliving(ADL)score,Mini-MentalStateExamination(MMSE)score,HER2status,tumoursize,gradeandnodalstatus.Results:Datawereavailablefor1,122cancersin1,098patientsrecruitedbetweenFebruary2013andJune2015from51UKhospitals.About78%ofthepopulationweretreatedsurgically,withtheremainderbeingtreatedwithPET.Increasingpatientageatdiagnosis,increasingCCIscore,largetumorsize(5cmormore)anddependenceinoneormoreADLcategorieswereallstronglyassociatedwithnon-surgicaltreatment(P<0.05).Conclusion:Increasingcomorbidity,largetumorsizeandreducedfunctionalabilityareassociatedwithreducedlikelihoodofsurgicaltreatmentofbreastcancerinolderpatients.However,ageitselfremainsasignificantfactorfornon-surgicaltreatment;reinforcingtheneedforevidence-basedguidelines.
简介:Breastcanceristhemostprevalentfemalecancerinboththedevelopedandlessdevelopedworld.AccordingtoWHO2013estimates,therewereover522000femalebreastcancerdeathsin2012[1].Breastcancer(1.7million)wasthesecondcommonlydiagnosedcancerworldwideafterlungcancer(1.8million),andfollowedbycolorectalcancer(1.4million)[1].Inless
简介:Quantumkeydistribution(QKD)isamajorresearchtopicbecauseitprovidesunconditionalsecurity.Unfortunately,manyimperfectionsremaininQKD’sexperimentalrealization.TheFaraday–Michelson(FM)QKDsystemisproposedtoeliminatetheseimperfectionsusingpolarization.However,thelongarm’sphasemodulator(PM)hasanunexpectedinsertionloss,meaningthatthestatesentisnolongerperfect.Inthisletter,weproposeanalternativeFM-QKDsystemstructure,andanalyzethesecurityandkeygenerationrateincomparisonwiththeoriginalsystemviadifferentanalysismethods.WefindanobviouskeyrateimprovementwhenthePMinsertionlossisnotextremelysmall.
简介:Cancercellsdifferfromnormalcellsinvariousparameters,andthesedifferencesarecausedbygenomicmutationsandconsequentialalteredgeneexpression.Thegeneticandfunctionalheterogeneityoftumorcellsisamajorchallengeincancerresearch,detection,andeffectivetreatment.Assuch,theuseofdiagnosticmethodsisimportanttorevealthisheterogeneityatthesingle-celllevel.Dropletmicrofluidicdevicesareeffectivetoolsthatprovideexceptionalsensitivityforanalyzingsinglecellsandmolecules.Inthisreview,wehighlighttwonovelmethodsthatemploydropletmicrofluidicsforultrasensitivedetectionofnucleicacidsandproteinmarkersincancercells.Wealsodiscussthefuturepracticalapplicationsofthesemethods.
简介:Objective:Theexpressionoftumorbiomarkersmaychangeafterchemotherapy.However,whethersecretedproteinacidicandrichincysteine(SPARC)expressionchangesafterchemotherapyingastriccancer(GC)isunclear.ThisstudyinvestigatedtheinfluenceofchemotherapyonSPARCexpressioninGC.Methods:ImmunohistochemistrywasusedtoanalyzeSPARCexpressionin132GCcases(including54caseswithpreoperativechemotherapyand78caseswithoutpreoperativechemotherapy).SPARCexpressionofpostoperativespecimenswithandwithoutpreoperativechemotherapywasassessedtoanalyzetheinfluenceofchemotherapyonSPARCexpression.Results:SPARCwashighlyexpressedinGCcomparedwiththedesmoplasticstromasurroundingtumorcellsandnoncanceroustissues.HighSPARCexpressionwascorrelatedwithinvasiondepth,lymphnode,andTNMstage.Afterchemotherapy,alowerproportionofhighSPARCexpressionwasobservedinpatientswithpreoperativechemotherapythaninthecontrols.For54patientswithpreoperativechemotherapy,grosstype,histology,depthofinvasion,lymphnode,TNMstage,andSPARCexpressionwererelatedtooverallsurvival.Furthermultivariateanalysisshowedthatlymphnode,histology,andSPARCexpressionafterchemotherapywereindependentprognosticfactors.Conclusion:SPARCexpressionmaychangeafterchemotherapyinGC.SPARCexpressionshouldbereassessedforpatientswithGCafterchemotherapy.