简介：TheobjectiveofthisstudyistoexploreapotentiallyeffectivetrainingmethodforthehospitalprofessionalstoeducatedrugusersandtoenhancetheirknowledgeofHIVinfection.Onehundredandsixtyonesubjects,whocamefrom13differentprovincesandwereadmittedinadrugreliefhospitalinBeijing,wererecruitedforthisstudy.Theaverageageofthesesubjectswas35.21±6.24yearold.Theaveragenumbersofyearsfordrugaddictionwere7years,andtheaveragenumbersofdrugrelieftreatmentreceivedinthepastwas5.5times.ThelevelofAIDSknowledgeofthesesubjects,includingpathogenicfactors,sourceofinfection,routeoftransmissionandpreventivemeasures,wereevaluatedbeforeandafterreceivingtheAIDSeducationaltrainingtothesedrugusers.Ourresultsshowedthattherewasastatisticallysignificantincrease(P＜0.01)intheknowledgeofHIVinfectionandpreventionamongthesesubjects.PositiveattitudeandbehavioraltendenciestowardHIVpreventionwerealsoimproved.Therefore,itisimperativeforthemedicalprofessionalstoincorporateAIDSeducationintodrugrelieftreatmenttoachievethemaximumeffectontheknowledgeofAIDSandimprovementofpositiveattitudesandbehaviorstowardHIVpreventionamongdrugusers.

简介：Drugdevelopmentinoncologyisundergoingasubstantialshiftnowadays.Thedriversforthisaremulti-factorial.Ontheoneside,drugdevelopmentisperformedmorerationallythanever,profitingfromthescientificadvancesinmolecularbiologyingeneralandtheelucidationofthevarious'omes'fromgenometometabolomeinparticular.Ontheotherside,itisbasedonenormoustechnologicalprogress,e.g.,inthefieldofgenome

简介：人被自然选择进化到目前在自然生物圈中的地位，因故人的生命是坚强的。于是，作为自然的主宰，人创造了许多是自然原本没有的“东西”，这些人为的“东西”既给纯朴的自然描绘上了华丽的色彩，同时也给自然带来了不少的灾难，源于这些灾难，人的生命随时随地都可能发生“差错”，这又折射出人生命的脆弱。为了保护自己，人便创造了医学，也发明了药物，以便能在这许许多多的“差错”之中拯救人的生命于危验。

简介：INTRODUCTIONSincetheirintroductioninmid-1980s,polyamidoamide(PAMAM)dendrimershaveattractedconsiderableattentionbecauseoftheiruniquestructuresandproperties.Accordingtopreliminarystudiesinanimals,PAMAMdendrimersarenon-immunogenic,verylowinvivotoxicityandcanbeexcretedbyurineandfeces.

简介：AnewclassofcrosslinkingpolyphosphatesweresynthesizedandcharacterizedbyIR^1HNMR,^31PNMRspectroscopyaswellaselementalanalysis.InvitrodegradationofthepolyphosphatesobtainedandthereleaseofantineoplasticdrugMethotrexate(MTX)andcontraceptiveLevonorgestrel(LNG)byusingthesepolymersasmatrixwerestudied.ZeroorderreleaseratewasobservedinthecaseofLNGrelease.

简介：Thisworkaimstoinvestigatetheeffectsofdosingregimentsondrugdeliveryinsolidtumorsandtovalidatethemwithexperimentsonrats.Thelumpedparametermodelsofpharmacokineticsandofdrugdeliveryintumorweredevelopedtosimulatetimecoursesofaveragedrugconcentration(Ct)oftumorinterstitiumintwotypesofdosingregiments(i.e.,single-shotandtriple-shotones).Thetworegimentswereperformedviaantitumordrug,hydroxycamptothecin(HCPT),onrats,tomeasurethedrugconcentrationinthetumor.Thesimulationsofthedrugconcentrationinthetumorofthetwodosingregimentswereconductedandcomparedwiththeexperimentaldataonrats.Thecoefficientsinthemodelswereinvestigated.Itisconcludedthatthetriple-shotmethodismoreeffectivethanthatofsingle-shotinjection.Thepresentlumped-parametermodelisquantitativelycompetentfordrugdeliveryinsolidtumor.

简介：AlatticeBoltzmannnumericalmodelingmethodwasdevelopedtopredictskinconcentrationaftertopicalapplicationofadrugontheskin.ThemethodisbasedonD2Q9latticespacesassociatedwiththeBhatnagar-Gross-Krook(BGK)collisiontermtosolvetheconvection-diffusionequation(CDE).Asimulationwascarriedoutindifferentrangesofthevalueofbound,whichisrelatedtoskincapillaryclearanceandthevolumeofdiffusionduringapercutaneousabsorptionprocess.Whenatypicaldrugisusedontheskin,thevalueofcorrespondstotheamountofdrugabsorbedbythebloodandtheabsorptionofthedrugaddedtotheskin.Theeffectofwasstudiedforwhentheregionofskincontactisalinesegmentontheskinsurface.

简介：Colorectalcancer（CRC）isthethirdmostcommoncancerdiagnosedworldwideinhumanbeings.Surgery,chemotherapy,radiotherapyandtargetedtherapiesaretheconventionalfourapproacheswhicharecurrentlyusedforthetreatmentofCRC.Thesitespecificdeliveryofchemotherapeuticstotheirsiteofactionwouldincreaseeffectivenesswithreducingsideeffects.Targetedoraldrugdeliverysystemsbasedonpolysaccharidesarebeinginvestigatedtotargetanddeliverchemotherapeuticandchemopreventiveagentsdirectlytocolonandrectum.Site-specificdrugdeliverytocolonincreasesitsconcentrationatthetargetsite,andthusrequiresalowerdoseandhenceabridgedsideeffects.Somenoveltherapiesarealsobrieflydiscussedinarticlesuchasreceptor（epidermalgrowthfactorreceptor,folatereceptor,wheatgermagglutinin,VEGFreceptor,hyaluronicacidreceptor）basedtargetingtherapy;colontargetedproapoptoticanticancerdrugdeliverysystem,genetherapy.EventhoughgoodtreatmentoptionsareavailableforCRC,theultimatetherapeuticapproachistoaverttheincidenceofCRC.ItwasalsofoundthatCRCscouldbepreventedbydietandnutritionsuchascalcium,vitaminD,curcumin,quercetinandfishoilsupplements.ImmunotherapyandvaccinationareusednowadayswhichareshowingbetterresultsagainstCRC.

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简介：AbstractThe low success rates in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), which account for 55% and 34% respectively, led the WHO to conclude that MDR/XDR-TB is a serious public health crisis. However, the virulence of MDR/XDR-Mycobacterium Tuberculosis(Mtb) has not been analyzed in details, which could provide a specific guidance for the control and prevention. In this review, we discuss different aspects of MDR/XDR-Mtb virulence and its relationship to fitness cost by probing the following questions: (1) what mediates the virulence of MDR/XDR-Mtb? (What is the relationship between fitness and virulence of Mtb? (2) Is it possible that drug-resistant Mtb(DR Mtb) can show higher fitness? (3) What is the definite effect on fitness of each drug-resistant mutant? (4) What other important factors affecting fitness in the mutant strain? (5) How to study the virulence of a large number of DR Mtb?And what prevention and control measures will be taken in the future, especially for the high virulent DR Mtb? We therefore summarized the congruent relationship between drug resistance and fitness from the global response-related genes to antibiotic resistance-contributing mutation, provided methods to explore the virulence of DR Mtb. This review may offer some critical information and concise guide to creating strategies for the prevention and control of drug-resistant Mtb.

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简介：Thispaperreviewsourworkonthefundamentalprinciplesofhighgravitycontrolledprecipitation(HGCP)technology,anditsapplicationsintheproductionofdrugnanoparticles,whichwascarriedoutinarotatingpackedbed(RPB).Severalkindsofdrugnanoparticleswithnarrowparticlesizedistributions(PSDs)weresuccessfullypreparedviaHGCP,includingthe300-nmCefuroximeAxetil(CFA)particles,200–400-nmcephradineparticles,500-nmsalbutamolsulfate(SS)particles(100nminwidth),and850-nmbeclomethasonedipropionate(BDP)particles,etc.Comparedtodrugsavailableinthecurrentmarket,allthedrugnanoparticlesproducedbyHGCPexhibitedadvantagesinbothformulationanddrugdelivery,thusimprovingthebioavailabilityofdrugs.HGCPisessentiallyaplatformtechnologyforthepreparationofpoorlywater-solubledrugnanoparticlesfororalandinjectiondelivery,andofinhalabledrugsforpulmonarydelivery.Consequently,HGCPofferspotentialapplicationsinthepharmaceuticalindustryduetoitscost-effectiveness,efficientprocessingandtheeaseofscaling-up.

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简介：Thephenomenonofparticleinteractioninvolvedinpulmonarydrugdeliverybelongstoawidevarietyofdisciplinesofparticletechnology,inparticular,fluidization.Thispaperreviewsthebasicconceptsofpulmonarydrugdeliverywithreferencestofluidizationresearch,inparticular,studiesonGeldartgroupCpowders.Drypowderinhalerdevice-formulationcombinationhasbeenshowntobeaneffectivemethodfordeliveringdrugstothelungfortreatmentofasthma,chronicobstructivepulmonarydiseaseandcysticfibrosis.Evenwithadvanceddesigns,however,deliveryefficiencyisstillpoormainlyduetopowderdispersionproblemswhichcausepoorlungdepositionandhighdosevariability.Drugparticlesusedincurrentinhalersmustbe1-5mindiameterforeffectivedepositioninsmall-diameterairwaysandalveoli.Thesepowdersareverycohesive,havepoorflowability,andaredifficulttodisperseintoaerosolduetocohesionarisingfromvanderWaalsattraction.Theseproblemsarewellknowninfluidizationresearch,muchofwhichishighlyrelevanttopulmonarydrugdelivery.

简介：作为一个新药交货系统一起联合bioactive玻璃(MBG)和丝绸丝心蛋白(SF)的潜力被评估。当SF的形式，和大音阶的第五音胶化方法被采用在这研究制作MBG，三维的多孔的脚手架被选择。综合材料的特征被传播电子显微镜学和扫描电子显微镜学测量。在vitro，药交货的评估以药装载和药版本被执行。并且阿司匹林被选择为这药让脚手架在vitro测试和修理BALB/C老鼠calvarial缺点执行。骨头形成被microcomputed断层摄影术检验。试验性的结果证明MBG/silk脚手架与丝绸脚手架相比有更好的physiochemical性质。与真丝脚手架相比，MBG/silk脚手架提高装载效率的药，在vitro释放率并且支持在vivo的骨头新生。因此，我们断定那MBG/silk脚手架比真丝脚手架是一个更有效的药交货系统。

简介：AbstractChronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a chronic space-occupying lesion formed by blood accumulation between arachnoid and dura mater, which is usually formed in the third week after traumatic brain injury. Surgical treatment is usually the first choice for patients with CSDH having a significant space-occupying effect. Most of the patients showed good results of surgical treatment, but still some patients had a postoperative recurrence (the recurrence rate was up to 33%). Because CSDH is often seen in the elderly, patients are weak and have many basic diseases. The risk of surgical treatment is high; serious complications and even death (the death rate is up to 32%) can often occur. The overall good prognosis rate of patients aged more than 90 years is 24%. The drug treatment can provide a safe and effective treatment for elderly patients who are weak, intolerable to surgery, or failed in surgery. Low-dose and long-term use of atorvastatin (20mg/d) is suggested for continuous treatment for at least 8 weeks, while low-dose and short-term use of dexamethasone can improve the therapeutic effect of atorvastatin on CSDH. Patients should undergo CT or MRI scanning at least one time within 2 weeks after the start of drug treatment.

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简介：Abstract:ChlamydiaTrachomatis(C.T.)isoneofthemostcommonpathogensofhumansexuallytransmitteddiseases.TreatmentofC.T.infectionprimarilydependsonTetracyclines,MacrolidesandQuinolones,butwiththewideuseofantibioticsanincreasingnumberofdrug-resistantChlamydiatrachomatiscaseshavebeenreported.ThisreviewsummarizestheresistantconditionsandthepossibleresistancemechanismsofC.T..