简介：不同树庄稼协会的结构的差异在2006期间是缓冲区和外部地区上的MadhupurGarh的学习atGachabari柳安森林区域。totaldensity，在缓冲区和外部地区的树的基础区域是155.5树·hm~(-2),795.4trees·hm~(-2)和3.9m~2·hm~(-2),5.8m~2·hm~(-2),分别地。没有新生和naturaltrees在外部地区被发现，地区被theBuffer地区自然、异国情调的树包括了的异国情调的种类完全占据。而缓冲区地区属于混合，外部地区属于更年轻的andsmaller树更小，更高，更年轻并且maturetrees同时。为两个都练习不同agroforestry系统，地区有柳安森林的losttheir原版人物。

简介：Inthiswork,ahardwareintrusiondetectionsystem(IDS)modelanditsimplementationareintroducedtoperformonlinereal-timetrafficmonitoringandanalysis.TheintroducedsystemgatherssomeadvantagesofmanyIDSs:hardwarebasedfromimplementationpointofview,networkbasedfromsystemtypepointofview,andanomalydetectionfromdetectionapproachpointofview.Inaddition,itcandetectmostofnetworkattacks,suchasdenialofservices(DoS),leakage,etc.fromdetectionbehaviorpointofviewandcandetectbothinternalandexternalintrudersfromintrudertypepointofview.GatheringthesefeaturesinoneIDSsystemgiveslotsofstrengthsandadvantagesofthework.Thesystemisimplementedbyusingfieldprogrammablegatearray(FPGA),givingamoreadvantagestothesystem.AC5.0decisiontreeclassifierisusedasinferenceenginetothesystemandgivesahighdetectionratioof99.93%.

简介：Background:Growthandyieldmodelsareimportanttoolsforforestplanning.Duetoitsgeographiclocation,topology,andhistoryofmanagement,theforestsoftheAdirondacksRegionofNewYorkareuniqueandcomplex.However,onlyarelativelylimitednumberofgrowthandyieldmodelshavebeendevelopedand/orcanbereasonablyextendedtothisregioncurrently.Methods:Inthisanalysis,571long-termcontinuousforestinventoryplotswithatotalof10-52yearsofmeasurementdatafromfourexperimentalforestsmaintainedbytheStateUniversityofNewYorkCollegeofEnvironmentalScienceandForestryandonenonindustrialprivateforestwereusedtodevelopanindividualtreegrowthmodelfortheprimaryhardwoodandsoftwoodspeciesintheregion.Species-specificannualizedstaticanddynamicequationsweredevelopedusingtheavailabledataandthesystemwasevaluatedforlong-termbehavior.Results:EquivalencetestsindicatedthattheNortheastVariantoftheForestVegetationSimulator(FVS-NE)wasbiasedinitsestimationoftreetotalandboleheight,diameterandheightincrement,andmortalityformostspeciesexamined.Incontrastthedevelopedstaticandannualizeddynamic,species-specificequationsperformedquitewellgiventheunderlyingvariabilityinthedata.Long-termmodelprojectionswereconsistentwiththedataandsuggestarelativelyrobustsystemforprediction.Conclusions:Overall,thedevelopedgrowthmodelshowedreasonablebehaviorandisasignificantimprovementoverexistingmodelsfortheregion.Themodelalsohighlightedthecomplexitiesofforestdynamicsintheregionandshouldhelpimproveforestplanningeffortsthere.

简介：解剖特征为提取气候的信号被证明有用。为了检验气候的信号，在Changbai山由树戒指房间特征记录了，我们测量了房间数字和房间腔直径除了戒指宽度，朝鲜的松(Pinuskoraiensis)，树在地点响改变了举起，并且我们开发了房间数字(CN)的年表，吝啬的腔直径(MLD)，最大的腔直径(MAXLD)和树戒指宽度(TRW)。年表与气候的因素月刊平均数温度和降水的和被相关。是由我们的分析出现，房间参数年表对dendroclimatology研究合适。CN和TRW分享了不同于MLD和MAXLD的相对类似的气候的信号，并且生长气候关系是举起依赖者，作为由下列调查结果出现：(1)在记录的每举起，MLD和MAXLD，从那些的不同每月气候的信号为一样的气候的因素由TRW记录了；并且(2)MLD和MAXLD记录了不在在更低、中间的举起的TRW的气候的因素。房间腔直径证明了是为为这个学习区域改进气候重建的一个有效档案。

简介：Background:Couplingbiomassmodelswithnutrientconcentrationscanprovidesoundestimationsofcarbonandnutrientcontents,enablingtheimprovementofcarbonandnutrientbalanceinforestecosystems.Althoughnutrientconcentrationsareoftenassumedtobeconstantforsomespeciesandspecifictreecomponents,atleastinmaturestands,theconcentrationsusuallyvarywithage,siteindexandevenwithtreedensity.Themainobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluatethesourcesofvariationinnutrientconcentrationsinbiomasscompartmentsusuallyremovedduringharvestingoperations,coveringarangeofspeciesandmanagementconditions:semi-naturalforest,conventionalforestplantationsandshortrotationforestry(SRF).Fivespecies(Betulapubescens,Quercusrobur,Eucalyptusglobulus,EucalyptusnitensandPopulusspp.)and14genotypeswereconsidered.Atotalof430treesweresampledin61plotstoobtain6biomasscomponents:leaves,twigs,thinbranches,thickbranches,barkandwood.AbovegroundleaflessbiomassWaspooledtogetherforpoplar.TheconcentrationsofC,N,K,P,Ca,Mg,S,Fe,Mn,Cu,ZnandBweremeasuredandtheto:[albiomassofeachsampledtreeandplotweredetermined.Thedatawereanalysedusingboostedregressiontreesandconventionaltechniques.Results:Themainsourcesofvariationinnutrientconcentrationswerebiomasscomponent>>genotype(species)≈age>treediameter.TheconcentrationsofCa,MgandKweremoststronglyaffectedbygenotypeandage.TheconcentrationsofP,K,Ca,Mg,SandCuinthewoodcomponentdecreasedwithage,whereasCconcentrationsincreased,withatrendtoreach50%intheoldertrees.IntheSRF,interamericanpoplarandP.trichocarpogenotypeswerecomparativelymoreefficientintermsofCaandKnutrientassimilationindex(NAI)(+65-85%)thaneucalypts,,mainlybecauseleaflessbiomasscanberemoved.Intheconventionaleucalyptplantations(rotation15years),debarkingthewoodatlogging(savingsof225%ofCaand254%ofMgforE.globulus)ortheuseofselectedgenotype

简介：Basedonamultilevellinearmixedmodelapproach,anindividualdiameterincrementmodelwasdevelopedforfirplantationtreesgrowinginJiangxiProvince.Thedatasetusedinthisstudycamefromlong-termpermanentresearchplots.Thedatabaseconsistsoftotalof82counties,365plots,5416treesand16248observations.Thepaperchosemixedeffectsmodelsinsteadofregressionanalysisapproachbecauseitallowsforpropertreatmentoferrortermsandcorrelationinarepeatedmeasuresanalysisframework.Themodelwasdefinedasamixedlinearmodelwithparameterrandomeffectofplot,areaorplotandareasimultaneous.Inadditiontheheteroscedasticityandcorrelationwastakenintoaccount.Mixedmodelcalibrationofdiameterincrementwascarriedoutwiththeindependentdatausingadifferentsampleofcomplementaryobservations.Theresultshowedthatthetotalstandbasalarea,thediameteroftargettrees,theratioofbasalareaoflargertreestotargettreediameter,andaltitudewerefoundtobesignificantpredictors.Boththefittingmodelandthecalibratedmodelmeanasubstantialimprovementcomparedwiththeclassicalapproachwidelyusedinforestmanagement.Aftertakingintoaccountreasonablevariancefunctionofheteroscedasticityandcorrelation,themodelshowsbetterofgoodnessoffitthanonlytakingintoaccountparameterrandomeffects.Thistypeofmodelingmethodologyshowsflexible,preciseandaccurate.

简介：稀少树的土地是典型陆地之一并且能在边界层气象学被看作一典型不平的表面。许多陆地能在规模的看法和象agroforest那样的粗糙元素的分发特征被分类进客气的表面，散布种或成长的树，无树平原等等。在稀少树的土地的表面边界层的结构被分析并且参数，磨擦velocityu?并且粗糙长度zo基于精力平衡法律和另外的物理假设被推出。模型与风隧道实验和域大小的数据同意很好。

简介：Thepredictionofthedistributionofquantitativevariablesinaforeststandisofgreatinteresttoforestmanagers,fortheevaluationofforestresourcesandschedulingoffuturesilviculturaltreatments.TheaimofthisresearchwastomodelthedistributionofquantitativevariablesforQuercuspersicainopenforestsinIran.Toinvestigatetheprobabilitydistributionoftreesinnaturalstands,642treeswereselectedformeasurementusingasystematicrandomsamplingmethod.Selectedtreesweremeasuredanddatawereanalyzed.Gamma,beta,normal,lognormal,exponentialandWeibullprobabilitydistributionswerefittedtotheheightdistributionoftrees.Variablesofdistributionfunctionswereestimatedusingthemaximumlikelihoodestimationmethod.ActualprobabilityandprobabilitywhichderivedfromfunctionswascomparedusingKolmogorov–SmirnovandAnderson–Darlingtests.Beta,WeibullandWeibullprobabilitydistributionsexplainedthedistributionsoftreeheight,DBHandcrownarea.

简介：Background:Seedproduction,seeddispersalandseedlingestablishmentarerelevantlifephasesofplants.Understandingtheseprocessesandtheirpatternsisessentialtorecognizevegetationdynamicsandtoapplyittoforestrestoration.Methods:ForOleaeuropaeaandScheffleraabyssinica,fecunditywasestimatedusingrandomizedbranchsampling.Seeddispersalandseedlingestablishmentweremonitoredusingspatiallyexplicitseedtrapsandplots.Dispersalfunctionswerecalibratedapplyinginversemodeling.Results:O.europaeaproducedmoreseedsandhadlongerdispersaldistancescomparedtoS.abyssinica.Correlationsbetweenobservedandpredictednumberofrecruitswerestatisticallysignificant.Seedlingsofthetwospeciesshoweddifferentnicherequirements.Conclusions:Thestudiedspecieswererecruitment-limitedduetolowdispersalactivityorlackofsuitablemicrosites.Restorationrelyingonnaturalregenerationshouldovercometheselimitationsbyincreasingdisperservisitationandreducingbioticandabioticstresses.

简介：QuantitativeassessmentoftreespeciesdiversityfromsampleplotsinsevenforestrangesofNayagarhForestDivisioninOdishastateintheEasternGhatsofIndiawasmadeduringtheperiodApril,2011toNovember,2013.Atotalof120transects(1000m95m)werelaidinNayagarh,Odogaon,Pancharida,Khandapada,Dasapalla,Mahipur,andGaniaforestrangesandtreestemsofatleast30cmGBHweremeasured.Theregenerationpotentialoftreeswasassessedfrom5m95msampleplotslocatedwithinthemaintransect.Atotalof177treespeciesbelongingto120generaand44familieswererecordedfromthestudyarea.Shorearobusta,Buchananialanzan,Lanneacoromandelica,TerminaliaalataandCleistanthuscollinuswerethepredominanttreespecies.Thestanddensityvariedintherangeof355.33-740.53stemsha-1whilebasalarearangedfrom7.77to31.62m2ha-1.Thetreedensityandspeciesrichnessdecreasedwithincreasinggirthclass.Thehighestnumberofspeciesandmaximumdensitywasrecordedinthegirthclassof30-60cm.TheShannon-WeinerandSimpsonIndiceswithrespecttotreeswithC30cmGBHvariedintherangeof2.07-3.79cmand0.03-0.37cmrespectivelyandthevaluesofdiversityindicesarewithinthereportedrangefortropicalforestsofIndiansub-continent.Thefamilies,Dipterocarpaceae,Anacardiaceae,CombretaceaeandEuphorbiaceaecontributedtomaximumspeciesrichness,standdensity,andbasalarea.Regenerationofmanytreespecieswasobservedtobepoor.Thepresentstudyprovidesbaselinedataforfurtherecologicalstudies,forestmanagement,andformulationofsite-specificstrategiesforconservationofbiologicaldiversityinmoistdeciduousforestsofEasternIndia.

简介：Dalbergia印度黄檀Roxb。是南亚的有希望的多种用途的树种类之一。大多数D的种植园。从种子的印度黄檀由于死回来疾病正在面对严重威胁，它最终在一些月以内引起这个潜在的树种类的死亡。植物的繁殖能避免死回来疾病。D的不同年龄组的三十棵母亲树。印度黄檀为从D评估树枝剪样的rooting行为被选择。由植物生长素影响了的印度黄檀(在100点的IAA或IBA，200，500mg敧敭瑮瀠潲潴潣獬愠敲渠敥敤?潦?潣獮牥慶楴湯漠?桴?灳'虜瑂

简介：Theannualseriesofδ13CweremeasuredintreeringsofthreeCryptomeriafortuneidisks(CF-1,CF-2,andCF-3)collectedfromWestTianmuMountain,ZhejiangProvince,China,accordingtocross-datingtreeringages.Therewasnoobviousdecreasingtrendoftheδ13CannualtimeseriesofCF-2before1835.However,from1835to1982thethreetreeringδ13Cannualseriesexhibitedsimilardecreasingtrendsthatweresignificantly(P≤0.001)correlated.Thedistributioncharacteristicsofascatterdiagrambetweenestimatedδ13CseriesofCF-2frommodelingandtheatmosphericCO2concentrationextractedfromtheLawDomeicecorefrom1840to1978wereanalyzedandacurvilinearregressionequationforreconstructingatmosphericCO2concentrationwasestablishedwithR2=0.98.Also,atestofindependentsamplesindicatedthatbetween1685and1839thereconstructedatmosphericCO2concentrationusingtheδ13CseriesofCF-2hadacloserelationshipwiththeLawDomeandSipleicecores,withastandarddeviationof1.98.ThegeneralincreasingtrendofthereconstructedatmosphericCO2concentrationcloselyreflectedthelong-termvariationofatmosphericCO2concentrationrecordedbothbeforeandaftertheIndustrialRevolution.Between1685and1840theevaluatedatmosphericCO2concentrationwasstable,butafter1840itexhibitedarapidincrease.Givenalongerδ13Cannualtimeseriesoftreerings,itwasfeasibletorebuildarepresentativetimeseriestodescribetheatmosphericCO2concentrationforanearlierperiodandforyearsthatwerenotintheicecorerecord.

简介：Background:Coarsewoodydebris(CWD)isveryimportantforforestecosystems,particularlyforbiodiversityandcarbonstorage.Itsrelevanceasapossiblereservoirandsourceofnutrientsislessclear,especiallyincentralEurope.Methods:Basedonachronosequenceofknownagesoflogs,weanalyzedthenutrientsstoredinCWDofFagussylvatica,Piceaabies,andPinussylvestrisatdifferentsitesinGermany.Toquantifynutrientconcentrations,weassessedtheuseofNearInfraredReflectanceSpectroscopy(NIRS)todeterminethechemicalpropertiesofCWD.Results:NIRSmodelsweresuitabletopredictconcentrationsofC,N,P,ligninandextractives.Concentrationsofmostnutrientsincreasedwithmassloss,withtheexceptionofpotassium,whichdecreasedforbeechandpineandremainedrelativelyconstantforspruce.Thehighestnutrientconcentrations(N,P,S,CaandMn,exceptMgandK)weregenerallyobservedinhighlydecomposedsprucelogs.TheneteffectofdecreasingCWDmassandincreasingnutrientconcentrationswaseitheradecreasing(N,PandKinbeech;P,Mg,KandMninpine),constant(S,CaandMginbeech;N,SandCainpine)orincreasingamountofnutrients(N,P,SandCainspruce;Mninbeech)inthelogsoverthecourseofdecomposition.TheC/Nratiodecreasedforalltreespecies,mostmarkedlyforsprucefromca.1000atthebeginningofthedecompositionprocessto180at36years.TheN/Pratioconvergedtoavalueofabout30forallthreespecies.Ligninconcentrationsincreasedforspruceandbeechandremainedconstantforpine.Conclusions:OurresultsindicatethatmostnutrientsremaininCWDforlongperiods.NutrientsmaybeusedandcycledbymicroorganismswithinCWD,butwiththeexceptionofP(inbeech),Mg(inpine)andK(inbeechandpine),thereappearstobelittlenetnutrientexportuntiltwothirdsofthemassislost.Instead,N,P,SandCawereaccumulatedinsprucelogs,indicatingthatCWDbecameanetsinkratherthananetsourceofsomenutrientsforsevera

简介：Relationshipbetweentheδ13CoftreeringcellulosefromPinusKoraiensisandclimateparameterswasinvestigated.Asignificantlynegativecorrelationbetweenδ13Candmeanlow-cloudamountfromMaytoJulywasdiscovered,whichcontributestoreconstructingthemeanlow-cloudamountfromMaytoJulyatAntuinrecent200years.Periodicalsofquasi-8-year,quasi-4-yearandquasi-2-yearweredetectedbothinδ13Cseriesandinthereconstructedlowcloudamountserieswith95%confidencelevel.Quasi-8-yearperiodmayreflecttheintegratedinfluenceofsolaractivity,monsoonactivityandlocalregionalfactors.Quasi-4-yearandquasi-2-yearperiodsindicatetheinfluencesofENSOandQuasiBiennialOscillation(QBO)ofEastAsianmonsoon,respectively.

简介：Bothofstraightandincliningpoplarclone107treewereselectedforstudyingmaterialsinthispaper.Theoptimalpulpingconditionswasestablishedbyorthogonalexperimentaldesignbothfornormalwoodandtensionwood,andthequalityofpulpingandpaper-makingbetweennormalwoodandtensionwoodwascomparedwitheachother.Finally,potentialapplicationforimprovingpaperqualityoftensionwoodthroughincreasingbeatingrevolutionswasdiscussed.Theresultshowedthattheoptimalcookingconditionfornormalwoodwasalkaliconcentration15%,thehighesttemperature164℃,timeathighesttemperature75min,andfortensionwooditwasalkaliconcentration13%,thehighesttemperature160℃,timeathighesttemperature40min.Pathcoefficientofeffectofalkaliconcentrationbothonpulpyieldandkappavaluewassignificantatdifferentlevels.Bycomparisonbetweenaverageresultofnormalwoodandtensionwoodinqualityofpulpingandpaper-making,itwasfoundthattensionwoodhadhigherpulpingyieldandlowerkappavaluethannormalwood.Furthermore,forallmechanicalpropertiesofpaper,normalwoodholdhighervaluethantensionwood,andevenneartwotimesthantensionwood,suchasburstindexandtensileindex.However,differenceoftearindexwasquitenarrow.ResultofonewayANOVAshowedthatdifferenceofburstindexandtearindexbetweennormalwoodandtensionwoodwassignificantatthe0.001level,oftearindexwassignificantatthe0.05level.Basedonobservationofcrosssurfaceofpaper,itwasassumedthatcontributionofgelatinouslayertorigidityofsinglefiberhadhamperedcollapseandcompressionoffiberduringpaperformation,whichisessentialforexertingcombinationbetweenfibersinpaper.So,mechanicalpropertiesoftensionwoodpaperweredecreasedaccordingly.However,owingtohighcellulosecontentofgelatinouslayer,tensionwoodwaseasiertopulpingthannormalwood.Mechanicalpropertiesoftensionwoodpapercouldbeimprovedbyincreasingbeatingrevolutions,

简介：Fromaworld-wideplantintroductiontrialseriesutilising25centralAmericanspeciesplantedatover100sitesinnearly60countries,eighteenspeciesplantedat15sitesinthetropicswerechosenforfurtherstudyofthefactorsdeterminingsiteproductivityandsitebyspeciesinteractions.ThespecieswereAcaciapennatula,Acaciafarnesiana,Albiziaguachapele,Ateleiaherbert-smithii,Caesalpiniacoriaria,Caesalpiniaeriostachys,Caesalpiniavelutina,Enterolobiumcyclocarpum,Gliricidiasepi...

简介：Background:Theglobalsearchfornewwaystosequestercarbonhasalreadyreachedagriculturallands.Suchlandconstitutesamajorpotentialcarbonsink.Theproductionofhighvaluetimberwithinagroforestrysystemscanfacilitateanin-situcarbonstoragefunction.Thisisfollowedbyapotentiallongtermex-situcarbonsinkwithinlonglastingproductssuchasveneerandfurniture.Forthispurposewildcherry(PrunusaviumL.)isaninterestingoptionformiddleEurope,yieldinghighpricesonthetimbermarket.Methods:Atotalnumberof39wildcherryweresampledin2012and2013toassesstheleaflessabovegroundbiomass.Thecompletetreesincludingstemandbrancheswereseparatedinto1cmdiameterclasses.Woodandbarkfromsub-sampleswereanalysedseparatelyandnutrientcontentwasderived.Modelsforbiomassestimationwereconstructedforalltreecompartments.Results:Thesmallestdiameterclassespossessthehighestproportionofbarkduetosmallercrosssectionalarea.Treeboleswithagreateramountofstemwoodabove10cmindiameterwillhaveamoreconstantbarkproportion.Totalbranchbarkproportionalsoremainsrelativelyconstantaboved_(1.3m)measurementsof8cm.Abalanceisevidentbetweentheproductionofnewbrancheswithalowdiameterandhighbarkproportionoffsetbythethickeningandarelativereductioninbarkproportioninlargerbranches.Theresultsshowthatasingletreewithanageof17and18yearscanstoreupto85kgofcarbonwithintheabovegroundbiomassportion,anamountthatwillincreaseasthetreematures.Branchesdisplaygreaternutrientcontentthanstemsectionspervolumeunitwhichcanbeattributedtoagreaterbarkproportion.Conclusions:Usingthederivedmodelsthecarbonandthenutrientcontentofabove-groundwoodybiomassofwholetreescanbecalculated.Suggestedvaluesforcarbonwithothermajorandminornutrientsheldwithinrelativelyimmaturetreesstronglysupportstheideaoftheinclusionofwildcherrywithinagroforestrysystemsasan

简介：The love story between Ashurst and Megan is an old story. But it is beautifully described by John Galsworthy. He is a splendid writer. In this story,express their ideas through the portrayal of the characters in their works.[13] John Galsworthy insistes the idea that literature came from reality.[14] He is a realist. The Apple Tree was written in 1916. In this story Galsworthy tells us the beautiful sad story between Ashurst and Megan. Through the portrayal of Ashurst’s dual personality,. He looks the love tragedy between Ashurst and Megan as a mistake. In this novel we see no approvement and negation to Ashurst. What we see is Ashurst’s complicated character in the romantic realistic love story. From this we can easily understand Galsworthy’s class stand. In this novel

简介：he indulges himself in pity and chivalry. John Galsworthy had not smashed the trammels of the capitalist system. Through his portrayal of Ashurst’s personality,and to reveals the fact that John Galsworthy is a bourgeois himself by analyzing his portrayal of Ashurst’s dual personality.,Ashurst’s irresponsible attitude is clearly shown. He thought that the love with Megan was ugly

简介：Background:Improvedunderstandingoftheprocessesshapingtheassemblyoftropicaltreecommunitiesiscrucialforgaininginsightsintotheevolutionofforestcommunitiesandbiologicaldiversity.Theclimateisthoughttobethefirstorderdeterminantofabundanceanddistributionpatternsoftreespecieswithcontrastingtraitssuchasevergreenanddeciduousleafphenology.However,therelativeroleofneutral,andniche-basedprocessesintheevolutionofthesepatternsremainpoorlyunderstood.Methods:Here,weperformanintegratedanalysisofthedataontreespeciesabundance,functionaltraitsandcommunityphylogenyfromanetworkof96forestplots,each1hainsize,distributedalongabroadenvironmentalgradientinthecentralWesternGhats,India.Then,wedeterminetherelativeimportanceofvariousprocessinassemblyandstructuringoftropicalforestcommunitieswithevergreenanddeciduousleafphenology.Results:Thedeciduousleafphenologicaltraithasrepeatedlyevolvedamongmultipledistantlyrelatedlineages.Treecommunitiesindrydeciduousforestswerephylogeneticallyclusteredandshowedalowrangeandvarianceof.functionaltraitsrelatedtolightharvesting,reproduction,andgrowthsuggestingniche-basedprocessessuchasenvironmentalfilteringplayavitalroleintheassemblyoftreecommunitiesintheseforests.Theexternalfactorssuchashuman-mediateddisturbancealsosignificantly,buttoalesserextent,influencesthespeciesandphylogeneticturnover.Conclusions:ThesefindingsrevealedthattheenvironmentalfilteringplaysasignificantroleinassemblyoftreecommunitiesinthebiologicallydiversetropicalforestsintheWesternGhatsbiodiversityhotspot.