简介:Whereasmuchhasbeenlearnedaboutage-relatedauditorychangesintheinnerear,relativelylittleisknownabouttheagingeffectsonthevestibularpartoftheinnerear-theperipheralvestibularsystem.Herewereviewrelevantliteraturewithregardtotheprevalenceofvestibulardysfunction,vestibularfunctionalandstructuralchangesintheelderly.Theprevalenceofvestibulardysfunctionincreaseswithage.Functionally,asageincreases,VEMPamplitudesdecrease,VEMPthresholdsincrease,VORgainofHITdecreases.Duetothecomplexityofthevestibularsystem,variationsinsubjectageandmeasurementtechniques,findingsinVEMPlatencyandcalorictestsareconflicting.Toaddressthis,adirectmeasureoftheperipheralvestibularsystemshouldbeapplied.Structurally,age-relatedlossinvestibularganglionandotoconiahavebeennoted;haircellchangesarenotwelldefined;whilesubcellularchangesremaintobeexplored.Defininghowtheonsetofvestibulardysfunctioncorrelateswithstructuraldegenerationwillofferinsightsintothemechanismsunderlyingvestibularaging.
简介:ForOtolaryngologist,itisthemostimportanttoknowtheprincipleofanatomy,physiologyandcommonototoxicity.ShortbutmoreconcisesummaryhasbeensumupinthefollowingreviewinordertohelpyoungENTdoctortounderstandtheimportanceofthisbasicknowledge.