简介：AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly swept around the globe since its emergence near 2020. However, people have failed to fully understand its origin or mutation. Defined as an international biosafety incident, COVID-19 has again encouraged worldwide attention to reconsider the importance of biosafety due to the adverse impact on personal well-being and social stability. Most countries have already taken measures to advocate progress in biosafety-relevant research, aiming to prevent and solve biosafety problems with more advanced techniques and products. Herein, we propose a new concept of biosafety chemistry and reiterate the notion of biosafety materials, which refer to the interdisciplinary integration of biosafety and chemistry or materials. We attempt to illustrate the exquisite association that chemistry and materials science possess with biosafety -science, and we hope to provide a pragmatic perspective on approaches to utilize the knowledge of these two subjects to handle specific biosafety issues, such as detection and disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms, personal protective equipment, vaccine adjuvants and specific drugs, etc.. In addition, we hope to promote multidisciplinary cooperation to strengthen biosafety research and facilitate the development of biosafety products to defend national security in the future.

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简介：AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is among the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide. Although the existing antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs remain to be effective, the administration of these complex anti-TB drug combinations with obvious toxicity often leads to patients’ nonadherence. This may contribute toward the emergence of drug-resistant strains as well as lead to treatment failure and relapse. Therefore, in the past half century, the main focus of anti-TB drug research was to reduce the frequency of administration and toxicity and improve patients' compliance and drug sensitivity. Following these principles, the development of engineered biosafety materials is one of the most effective and promising methods in resolving these challenges. Compared with traditional drugs, biosafety materials provide a viable platform for treating TB, which are beneficial in reducing the frequency of drug administration and systemic toxicity, improving patients’ compliance and drug sensitivity, and enhancing drug targeting. In this review, we summarized the application of biosafety materials in treatment of TB in recent years and discussed the challenges faced when developing a safe, more effective, and economical pharmacotherapy against TB.

简介：AbstractThe emergence of antimicrobial resistance attributed to the overuse and abuse of antibiotics severely endangers global biosafety. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by various living organisms exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties with a low propensity to the resistance. However, the application of AMPs has been greatly limited owing to their poor stability, high manufacturing cost, and high cytotoxicity. Thus, AMP-mimetic antimicrobial cationic polymers with cationic and amphiphilic moieties have attracted considerable attention as antimicrobial agents. These polymers typically exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, negligible antimicrobial resistance, and rapid bactericidal effect. These polymers exhibit low hemolysis and cytotoxicity by optimizing their chemical structures. In this study, we summarize the design principles and current findings of antimicrobial cationic polymers and identify potential candidates for developing innovative polymeric antimicrobials.

简介：AbstractInfectious disease outbreaks have seriously endangered global health owing to the scarcity of testing materials and techniques. Diversified materials and methods should be urgently developed for rapid detection and discrimination of pathogenic microorganisms. Conjugated polymer (CP) materials are macromolecular compounds comprising numerous covalently bonded luminescent units. They have excellent light-harvesting and optical signal amplification capabilities owing to the transmission of excitation energy along their backbone. In recent years, CP materials have aroused research enthusiasm in the biosensors field because of their outstanding optoelectronic properties. This brief manuscript provides an overall review of recent progress achieved in CP-based systems for pathogen sensing.

简介：AbstractDue to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the development of antiviral drugs has attracted increasing attention. Clinical antiviral drugs show weak solubility, low bioavailability, adverse side effects, or only limited targets. With the advancement of nanotechnology and material science, biosafety nanomaterials have been constructed for drug delivery systems of antiviral disease therapy, such as liposomes, polymers, gold nanoparticles, and graphene. These nanodrug systems can either deliver synthesized antiviral drugs siRNA/miRNA and small molecular compounds, deliver bioactive large molecular drug proteins and mRNA, or show antiviral activity by themselves. Nanodelivery systems could effectively enhance the efficiency of antiviral drugs by increasing drug loading and host cell uptake with a small size and high specific surface area. This review focused on the biosafety nanomaterials used for antiviral therapy and discussed the options for the design of antiviral drugs in the future.

简介：AbstractThe outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has adversely affected the public domain causing unprecedented cases and high mortality across the globe. This has brought back the concept of biosafety into the spotlight to solve biosafety problems in developing diagnostics and therapeutics to treat COVID-19. The advances in nanotechnology and material science in combination with medicinal chemistry have provided a new perspective to overcome this crisis. Herein, we discuss the efforts of researchers in the field of material science in developing personal protective equipment (PPE), detection devices, vaccines, drug delivery systems, and medical equipment. Such a synergistic approach of disciplines can strengthen the research to develop biosafety products in solving biosafety problems.

简介：AbstractDespite multiple virus outbreaks over the past decade, including the devastating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the lack of accurate and timely diagnosis and treatment technologies has wreaked havoc on global biosecurity. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) system has the potential to address these critical needs for tackling infectious diseases to detect viral nucleic acids and inhibit viral replication. This review summarizes how the CRISPR/Cas system is being utilized for the treatment and diagnosis of infectious diseases with the help of biosafety materials and highlights the design principle and in vivo and in vitro efficacy of advanced biosafety materials used to deal with virus attacks.

简介：AbstractPathogenic bacterial infection is severely threatening public health globally. The multi-modal antibacterial nanoplatforms could significantly improve the antibacterial efficiency. Here, we report a metal(Ti)-organic framework (MOF) derived nanocarbon (C-Ti-MOF) as a biosafety material for synergistic sterilization of pathogenic bacteria via efficient photodynamic catalysis and robust photothermal effects. The C-Ti-MOF consists of abundant TiO2 nanodots embedded in graphitic carbon frameworks. Under visible light irradiation, TiO2 nanodots can catalyze H2O2 and O2 to produce superoxide anion (·O2-) and singlet oxygen (1O2), respectively. Meanwhile, under near-infrared irradiation (NIR), C-Ti-MOF can generate massive heat to destroy bacterial membranes. Systematic antibacterial experiments reveal that the C-Ti-MOF nanoagents have a long-lasting and nearly 100% bactericidal ratio at an extremely low dose (0.16 mg/mL), which is much better than the state-of-the-art TiO2 (Commercial TiO2 (P25), 0.64 mg/mL). Furthermore, the C-Ti-MOF can be electrospun into an antibacterial nanofiber membrane via mixing with polymeric matrix for treating bacteria-contaminated wastewater, and the membranes possess integrated antibacterial activity and excellent biocompatibility. Our study demonstrates a promising Ti-MOF-based biosafety material for efficient and long-life disinfection, which may stimulate new research in MOF-related biological applications in various disciplines ranging from water decontaminations to nanotherapeutics.

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简介：AbstractInfectious disease outbreaks, such as 'Coronavirus disease 2019' (COVID-19), can constitute major global health threats with far-reaching consequences. As outbreaks develop, the international scientific community must provide high-quality scientific research-ready biological samples to solve the existing clinical and epidemiological questions to better combat the pandemic. Such examples are provided by dedicated biobank facilities, the latter collecting increasingly high volumes of biological samples. However, the more significant concentrations of infectious or potentially infectious biological materials can create a safety risk. The current short report describes the first attempt to identify the published scientific works on biobanking and safety. Three broad thematic areas have been identified: the physical security relevant to staff and sample integrity, the data safety aspects, and the governance parameters relating to the previous two. While the current publications reflect a broad alignment with existing standards and best practices in the biobanking field, they also demonstrate an opportunity for further in-depth work on this field in the post-COVID-19 era.

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简介：Thisfirstessayisaboutapendingmarriagebetweenbiologyandsomeofthetechnologiesofengineering.Itisastoryofalong-standingflirtationthathasbeenconsummatedanumberoftimes,butneverproperlysolemnised,despiterepeatedattempts,andnooneisquitesurehowmanyoftheoffspring,ifany,havebeenviable.Whethertheunionwillbeblessedinthenearfutureisanyone'sguess.Inthehopeofhelpingthemarriageonitsway,Istartwithfourluckythingsthebridehastowearattheweddingforthemarriagetosucceed,atleastinoneofthemorerecentWesterntraditions.

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简介：ThearticledescribestheexperiencesofalternativematerialsforthemanufacturingoftherefractorymaterialsinthecompanyP-DRefractoriesCZa.s.Theattentionisfocusedonenergyby-products(EBP).Energyby-productsaregeneratedduringburninganddesulphurizationinthermalpowerplants.Classicalhigh-temperatureflyash(classFflyashaccordingtoASTMC618)isthemostimportantandflyashfromfluidizedtechnology(classCflyash)isthesecondgroup.IntheCzechRepublic,powerplantsproduceabout14milliontonsofenergyby-productseveryyear.Utilizationoftheseproductsinceramictechnologymeansareductionofrawmaterialcostsandalsoithelpstoreduceadverseenvironmentalimpact.ClassFflyash(FFA)andcinderfromhightemperaturecombustion(CD)wereusedinlightweightinsulationfireclaybricks.Wecanusethesematerialsasagrogandalighteningagentformaterialswithbulkdensityover900kg·m-3andclassificationtemperatureupto1150℃.ClassCflyash(CFA)isbeingtestedinawiderangeoftherefractorymaterials.Forexample,itcanbeusedinlightweightfireclaybricks,fireclaybricksforstoves,acid-resistantfireclaybricksorrefractorycastables.Therangeofpotentialproducts,whereEBPcouldbeused,isverywideandenergyby-productshavebecomeanimportantrawmaterialsource.

简介：AbstractNucleic acid therapeutics, which involve transferring exogenous genes inside target cells, are a promising clinical treatment option that can regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Ideally, this kind of treatment modality will not lead to an unwanted immune response. Compared with traditional treatment methods, nucleic acid therapeutics can achieve prolonged and stable curative effects. As an emerging treatment method, nucleic acid therapeutics have played an increasingly important role in clinical settings for the treatment of various conditions, including infectious diseases, cancer, immune-related diseases, and monogenetic diseases. To date, a large number of clinical trials have been conducted, and more than 30 nucleic acid drugs have been approved, highlighting the strong potential of this approach in clinical practice. Diverse carriers are used to protect nucleic acids from being degraded and to help them reach their targets accurately. However, some carriers are known to cause negative effects on the release and expression of nucleic acid drugs as well as adverse effects such as allergic reactions and accumulation in the liver. Therefore, biosafety assessment of delivery systems before their application in clinical settings is critical. In this review, we describe different delivery systems for nucleic acid drugs and discuss their biosafety in both preclinical and clinical studies, with particular focus on the carriers themselves, drug administration method, and overall treatment of the disease.

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简介：Amajorroleofecologicalriskassessment(ERA)hasbeentoprovidescientificguidanceonwhetherafuturehumanactivitywillcauseecologicalharm,includingsuchactivitiesasreleaseofageneticallymodifiedorganism(GMO),exoticspecies,orchemicalpollutantintotheenvironment.Thisrequiresthedeterminationofthelikelihoodsthattheactivity:wouldcauseaharm,andwouldnotcauseaharm.Inthefirstcase,thefocusisondemonstratingthepresenceofaharmanddevelopingappropriatemanagementtomitigatesuchharm.Thisisusuallyevaluatedusingstandardhypothesisanalysis.Inthesecondcase,thefocusisondemonstratingtheabsenceofaharmandsupportingadecisionofbiosafety.WhilemostERAresearchershavefocusedonfindingpresenceofharm,andsomehavewronglyassociatedthelackofdetectionofharmwithbiosafety,anovelapproachinERAwouldbetofocusondemonstratingdirectlythesafetyoftheactivity.Although,someresearchershavesuggestedthatretrospectivepoweranalysiscanbeusedtoinferabsenceofharm,itactuallyprovidesinaccurateinformationaboutbiosafety.Adecisionofbiosafetycanonlybesupportedinastatisticallysoundmannerbyequivalencetests,describedhere.Usinga20%ecologicalequivalencestandardinGMOexamples,weillustratedtheuseofequivalencetestsfortwo-sampleswithnormalorbinomialdataandmulti-samplenormaldata,andprovidedaspreadsheetcalculatorforeach.Insixoftheeightexamples,theeffectsofCrytoxinsonanon-targetorganismwereequivalenttoacontrol,supportingadecisionofbiosafety.Theseexamplesalsoshowedthatdemonstrationofequivalencedoesnotrequirelargesamplesizes.Althoughmorerelevantecologicalequivalencestandardsshouldbedevelopedtoenableequivalenceteststobecomethemainmethodtosupportbiosafetydecisionmaking,weadvocatetheiruseforevaluatingbiosafetyfornon-targetorganismsbecauseoftheirdirectandaccurateinferenceregardingsafety.

简介：AbstractBiosafety equipment is the key barrier enabling high containment laboratories to handle high risk agents that may cause serious and potentially lethal infections. This perspective thoroughly analyzes the development of many kinds of key biosafety technologies, and equipment for protection of laboratory workers and for high containment laboratory facilities in China. Over more than ten years of rapid development, China has had remarkable achievements in key biosafety technologies and equipment in high containment laboratories. These technologies basically meet the needs of high containment laboratories construction in China. Furthermore, according to the current global situation regarding the prevention and control of infectious diseases and the technical development level of biosafety equipment, this paper proposes targeted suggestions and notes that China still needs to increase investment in scientific research to provide further technical and equipment support enabling us to build a community with a bright future in terms of human biosafety.