简介：AbstractFecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used as a core therapy for treating dysbiosis-related diseases by remodeling gut microbiota. The methodology and technology for improving FMT are stepping forward, mainly including washed microbiota transplantation (WMT), colonic transendoscopic enteral tubing (TET) for microbiota delivery, and purified Firmicutes spores from fecal matter. To improve the understanding of the clinical applications of FMT, we performed a systematic literature review on FMT published from 2011 to 2021. Here, we provided an overview of the reported clinical benefits of FMT, the methodology of processing FMT, the strategy of using FMT, and the regulations on FMT from a global perspective. A total of 782 studies were included for the final analysis. The present review profiled the effectiveness from all clinical FMT uses in 85 specific diseases as eight categories, including infections, gut diseases, microbiota–gut–liver axis, microbiota–gut–brain axis, metabolic diseases, oncology, hematological diseases, and other diseases. Although many further controlled trials will be needed, the dramatic increasing reports have shown the promising future of FMT for dysbiosis-related diseases in the gut or beyond the gut.

简介：AbstractBackground:Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood that warrants effective therapies. Gut microbiota can affect central physiology and function via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Therefore, the gut microbiota plays an important role in some mental illnesses. A small clinical trial showed that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may alleviate TS symptoms in children. Herein, FMT effects and mechanisms were explored in a TS mouse model.Methods:TS mice model (TSMO) (n = 80) were established with 3,3＇-iminodipropionitrile, and 80 mice were used as controls. Mice were grouped into eight groups and were subjected to FMT with feces from children or mice with or without TS, or were given probiotics. Fecal specimens were collected 3 weeks after FMT. 16S rRNA sequencing, behavioral observation, and serum serotonin (5-HT) assay were performed. Differences between groups were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) tests.Results:A total of 18 discriminative microbial signatures (linear discriminant analysis score > 3) that varied significantly between TS and healthy mice (CONH) were identified. A significant increase in Turicibacteraceae and Ruminococcaceae in TSMO after FMT was observed (P < 0.05). Compared with non-transplanted TSMO, the symptoms of those transplanted with feces from CONH were alleviated (W = 336, P = 0.046). In the probiotic and FMT experiments, the serum 5-HT levels significantly increased in TSMO that received probiotics (KS = 1.423, P = 0.035) and in those transplanted with feces from CONH (W= 336.5, P = 0.046) compared with TSMO without transplantation.Conclusions:This study suggests that FMT may ameliorate TS by promoting 5-HT secretion, and it provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms of FMT as a treatment for TS.

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简介：AIMTo把主要、周期性的pterygium外科的长期的结果与三种不同技术作比较：联合结膜自体移植和覆盖羊膜的膜移植(有AMT的猫)，结膜自体移植移植(猫)独自一个、羊膜的膜移植(AMT)alone.METHODSIn这回顾的研究，142个pterygium病人的142只眼睛(104主要，38周期性)经历了猫(组A)，AMT(组B)或有AMT(组C)的猫分别地后面的外科的切除基于复发和手术后的complications.RESULTSThe数字被考察并且比较一样的描述在下面)，18(10，8)并且2(1，1)在组A，B，和C分别地；干燥眼睛是22(16，6)，27(18，9)并且7(3，4)；结膜发炎是30(17，13)，27(16，11)并且11(6，5)。在组C(主要或周期性的任何一个或两个)的病人主要在组A或B比那些显示出显著地更好的结果(P<0.05)关于上述临床的effects.CONCLUSIONCombined猫并且过分AMT比猫或AMT为主要、周期性的pterygium外科有复发和手术后的复杂并发症的显著地更低的率独自一个。

简介：INTRODUCTIONFecalcoliformhasbeenusedasanindicatorofwaterpollutionforaboutacentury.Recently,Standrigeetal(1981),Reasoneretal(1979)andPageletal.(1982)improved,withgoodresults,thebioassymethodsforfecalcoliformindrinkingwaterandwastewater.Toprovideamethodappli-

简介：西藏Shannan红鹿自然保护区是西藏的红鹿的地理分发的中心。这份报纸论述烘便的小团组在绿植物的时期期间在2013和2014期间收集了的199红鹿的DNA分析的结果。我们成功地与12microsatelliteloci从87个DNA小团组和坚定的单个鉴定提取了DNA。我们在R软件与Capwire评估了人口和各种各样的人口估计的基因差异。87个成功地提取的小团组来自50个个人。在人口，等位基因的平均数字是7.58吗？？

简介：Livertransplantation（LT）isalife-savingtreatmentforpatientswithend-stageliverdiseaseandforpatientswithlivercellcancerrelatedtoliverdisease.Acuteandchronicliverdiseasesrelatedtohepatitisvirusesarebetweenthemainindicationsforlivertransplantation.Theriskofviralreinfectionaftertransplantationisthemainlimitingfactorintheseindications.Beforetheavailabilityofantiviralprophylaxis,hepatitisBvirus（HBV）recurrencewasuniversalinpatientswhowereHBVDNA-positivebeforetransplantation.ThenaturalhistoryofrecurrentHBVwasacceleratedbyimmunosuppression,anditprogressedrapidlytograftfailureanddeath.Introductionofpost-transplantprophylaxiswithimmunoglobulinalonefirst,andassociatedtoantiviraldrugslater,drasticallyreducedHBVrecurrence,resultinginexcellentlong-termoutcomes.Onthecontrary,recurrenceofhepatitisCisthemaincauseofgraftlossinmosttransplantprograms.Overall,patientandgraftsurvivalafterLTforhepatitisCvirus（HCV）-associatedcirrhosisisinferiorcomparedwithotherindications.However,successfulpretransplantorposttransplantantiviraltherapyhasbeenassociatedwithincreasedgraftandoverallsurvival.Untilrecently,thecombinationofpegylatedinterferonandribavirinwasthestandardofcareforthetreatmentofpatientswithchronichepatitisC.Highlyactiveantiviralcompoundshavebeendevelopedoverthepastdecade,thankstonewinvitrosystemstostudyHCVentry,replication,assembly,andrelease.

简介：AbstractBackground:Fecal incontinence (FI) has been shown to be a common symptom in Western countries; however, there is few researches focusing on its epidemic condition in Chinese women. We conducted this national population-based epidemiology study to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of FI among adult Chinese women living in urban regions.Methods:This is a subgroup analysis of a national population-based epidemiology study of FI. Total 28,196 adult women from urban regions of six provinces and municipalities participated in this research from 2014 to 2015. They finished the questionnaire under the direction of trained interviewers. FI was defined as accidental leakage of flatus and/or liquid or solid stool at least once in the past. The FI prevalence trend and risk factors were identified by the Cochran-Armitage test, Chi-square test, and multivariable logistic regression.Results:The prevalence of FI in adult females in urban China was 0.43% (95% confidence interval: 0.35%-0.51%). Among women with FI, 42.96%, 82.96%, and 42.22% reported having leakage of solid, liquid stool, and gas, respectively. The overall FI prevalence and the incidence rate of solid stool/liquid stool/gas leakage increased with age. The mean Wexner score was 4.0% and 12.0% FI patients reported Wexner score ≥9. Body mass index ≥24 kg/m2, pelvic organ prolapses, chronic constipation, chronic cough, alcohol consumption, physical diseases including chronic bronchitis and cancer, gynecological diseases like gynecological inflammation are risk factors for FI. Vaginal delivery was the risk factor for FI in females with labor history.Conclusions:FI was not a common symptom in adult Chinese women living in urban areas and there were some potential modifiable risk factors.Trial Registration:Chinses Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR-OCS-14004675; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=4898

简介：Alcoholicliverdiseaseisanestablished,yetcontroversial,indicationforlivertransplantation.Althoughanabstinenceperiodofupto6mopriortotransplantationismandatory,alcoholrelapseaftertransplantationisacommonevent.Incaseofrecurrenceofheavydrinking,graftsurvivalissignificantlyimpaired.Guidelinesondetectionandsurveillanceofalcoholconsumptioninthispatientcohortarelacking.Thisreviewsummarizesthechallengeofpatientselectionaswellasthecurrentknowledgeonestablishedandnovelalcoholbiomarkerswithspecialfocusonlivertransplantcandidatesandrecipients.

简介：Transplantrejection,liketolerance,isaTcell-dependentevent.ThereiscompellingevidencetosuggestthatinductionoftransplanttoleranceisanactivelylearnedprocessinwhichTcellsneedtoengagewiththealloantigensinordertolearntotoleratetheallograft.AfamilyofcytokineswhosereceptorsusethesameIL-2receptorγcchain(alsocalledthecommonγc)playsanimportantroleinregulatingmultipleaspectsoftheallograftresponse(I.e.Rejectionvs.Tolerance).ItisundeniablethatγccytokinescandriveclonalexpansionandeffectormaturationofalloreactiveTcells,andtherefore,targetingsuchcytokinesortheirreceptorcomponentsremainsanattractivewayofblockingtransplantrejection.However,wejuststartedtoappreciatethatγccytokinesalsoregulatetheacquisitionoftransplanttoleranceviaprogrammingactivatedTcellsforapoptoticcelldeathandviaguidingtheevolutionofregulatoryTcells.Thus,understandingpreciselytheroleofγccytokinesinregulatingTcellhomeostasisandTcellregulationiscriticallyimportantintheinductionoftransplanttolerance.

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简介：Recentfindingsinthepathophysiologyandmonitoringofhemostasisinpatientswithendstageliverdiseasehavemajorimpactoncoagulationmanagementduringlivertransplantation.Thereisincreasingevidence,thatthechangesinbothcoagulationfactorsandplateletcountregularlyobservedinpatientswithlivercirrhosiscannotbeinterpretedasareliableindicatorofdiffusebleedingrisk.Instead,adifferentiatedviewonhemostasishasledtotheconceptofarebalancedcoagulationsystemWhileitisimportanttorecognizethatprocoagulantfactorsarereducedinlivercirrhosis,itisalsoevidentthatsynthesisofanticoagulantfactorsandfibrinolyticproteinsproducedintheliverisalsodiminished.Similarly,thedecreasedplateletcountmaybecounterbalancedbyincreasedplateletaggregabilitycausedbyhighlyactivevonWillebrandmultimeres.Thecoagulationsystemisthereforstatedtoberebalanced.Whileundernormal＂unstressed＂conditionsdiffusebleedingisrarelyobserved,howeverbothdiffusebleedingorthrombusformationmayoccurwhencompensationmechanismsareexhausted.Whilemostpatientspresentingforlivertransplantationhaveseverecirrhosis,liverfunctionandthusproductionofpro-andanticoagulantfactorscanbepreservedespeciallyincholestaticliverdisease.Duringlivertransplantation,profoundchangesinthehemostasissystemcanoccur.Surgicalbleedingcanleadtodiffusebleedingascoagulationfactorsandplateletsarealreadyreduced.Ischemiaandtissuetraumacanleadtoalterationsofhemostasiscomparabletotraumainducedcoagulopathy.Afurthercommondisturbanceoftenstartingwiththereperfusionofthetransplantedorganishyperfibrinolysiswhichcaneventuallyprecipitatecompleteconsumptionoffibrinogenandanendogenousheparinizationbyglycocalyxshedding.Moreover,thromboticeventsinlivertransplantationsarenotuncommonandcontributetoincreasedmortality.Besidesconventionallaboratorymethods,bed-sidemonitoringofhemostasis（e.g.,thrombelastography,thrombe

简介：在这篇文章，作者在在作者说的美国保存健康改革在疾病预防的角色上评论说健康提升和疾病预防编程序，这经常是常识，低技术、直接，但是成功地实现他们在这个国家的护理系统仍然是的许多陷井主要在治疗疾病而非避免他们上组织了。

简介：AbstractBackground:Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication following lung transplantation (LTx), and it is associated with high mortality and morbidity. This study assessed the incidence of AKI after LTx and analyzed the associated perioperative factors and clinical outcomes.Methods:This retrospective study included all adult LTx recipients at the China-Japan Friendship Hospital in Beijing between March 2017 and December 2019. The outcomes were AKI incidence, risk factors, mortality, and kidney recovery. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors. Survival analysis was presented using the Kaplan-Meier curves.Results:AKI occurred in 137 of the 191 patients (71.7%), with transient AKI in 43 (22.5%) and persistent AKI in 94 (49.2%). AKI stage 1 occurred in 27/191 (14.1%), stage 2 in 46/191 (24.1%), and stage 3 in 64/191 (33.5%) of the AKI patients. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) was administered to 35/191 (18.3%) of the patients. Male sex, older age, mechanical ventilation (MV), severe hypotension, septic shock, multiple organ dysfunction (MODS), prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), reintubation, and nephrotoxic agents were associated with AKI (P < 0.050). Persistent AKI was independently associated with preoperative pulmonary hypertension, severe hypotension, post-operative MODS, and nephrotoxic agents. Severe hypotension, septic shock, MODS, reintubation, prolonged MV, and ECMO during or after LTx were related to severe AKI (stage 3) (P < 0.050). Patients with persistent and severe AKI had a significantly longer duration of MV, longer duration in the intensive care unit (ICU), worse downstream kidney function, and reduced survival (P < 0.050).Conclusions:AKI is common after LTx, but the pathogenic mechanism of AKI is complicated, and prerenal causes are important. Persistent and severe AKI were associated with poor short- and long-term kidney function and reduced survival in LTx patients.

简介：Primarysclerosingcholangitis（PSC）isachronicprogressiveinflammatorydiseaseaffectingthebileducts,leadingtofibrosisandeventuallycirrhosisinmostpatients.Itsetiologyisunknownandsofarnoeffectivemedicaltherapyisavailable.Livertransplantation（LTX）istheonlycurativetreatmentandatpresentPSCisthemainindicationforLTXintheScandinaviancountries.ClosetohalfofthePSCpatientsexperienceoneormoreepisodesofacutecellularrejection（ACR）followingtransplantationandapproximately1/5ofthetransplantedpatientsdeveloprecurrentdiseaseinthegraft.Inaddition,somereportsindicatethatACRearlyafterLTXforPSCcaninfluencetheriskforrecurrentdisease.Fortheseimportantpost-transplantationentitiesaffectingPSCpatients,wehavereviewedthecurrentliteratureonepidemiology,pathogenesis,treatmentandthepossibleinfluenceofrejectionontheriskofrecurrentdiseaseintheallograft.

简介：AbstractIn January 2019, the fourth rabies case caused by organ transplantation was noticed in China, with the conditions of one per year for the recent four years. Different from the previous cases, there were no definite epidemiological histories of exposure or rabies-related symptoms from this patient. This case strongly supports the call for the legislation of establishing a national-level management that will incorporate the screening programs on donors prior to the practice of organ transplantation to reduce the risks on rabies caused by organ transplantation.

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