简介：AbstractBackground:Endometrial cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the reproductive system. Effective and cost-effective screening method for populations at high risk is not available. This study aimed to investigate specimen adequacy and the influencing factors in microscale endometrial sampling biopsy and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and medical cost of biopsy in endometrial cancer and atypical hyperplasia screenings in comparison with hysteroscopic endometrial biopsy.Methods:A total of 1551 patients at high risk for endometrial lesions who required hysteroscopic endometrial biopsy from November 2017 to August 2018 were included. Microscale endometrial sampling biopsy was performed, followed by hysteroscopic endometrial biopsy. We evaluated the specimen adequacy and influencing factors of microscale endometrial sampling. Diagnostic consistency between microscale endometrial sampling biopsy and hysteroscopic endometrial biopsy was evaluated. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of microscale endometrial sampling biopsy in screening for endometrial cancer and atypical hyperplasia were analyzed, and the medical costs of the two procedures were compared.Results:The specimen adequacy was 81.2%. Patient age, menopausal status, endometrial thickness, and endometrial lesion type were correlated with specimen adequacy. There was good consistency in distinguishing benign and malignant endometrial diseases between microscale endometrial sampling biopsy and hysteroscopic biopsy (kappa 0.950, 95% CI 0.925-0.975). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of microscale endometrial sampling biopsy were 91.7%, 100.0%, 100.0%, and 99.3% for endometrial cancer screening, respectively, and 82.0%, 100.0%, 100.0%, and 99.4% for atypical hyperplasia screening. The medical cost of endometrial sampling biopsy was only 22.1% of the cost of hysteroscopic biopsy.Conclusions:Microscale endometrial sampling biopsy is a minimally invasive alternative technique for obtaining adequate endometrial specimens for histopathological examination. It has the potential to be used in detecting endometrial cancer and atypical hyperplasia with high efficiency and low cost.

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简介：到流入的骚乱发展的敏感狂暴的统计在microscale被调查城市的大气的环境流动。大旋涡的模拟(更少)被执行，在哪个流入误差被根据雷纳兹应力或精力系列转变一块充分发达的狂暴的地引进。理论分析被在狂暴的动能的预算方程忽视散开术语执行。结果显示出那，错误由雷纳兹压力腐烂引起了直到充分发达的水平的(i)被完成，并且(ii)典型长度规模引起的错误立即增加然后减少。当垂直坐标增加时，改变流入错误的率的streamwise变弱。内部层的流入和外部层的数据的效果的进一步的测试显示出那，流入内部层的数据统治近的域，和流入外部层的数据统治远域。

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简介：Asaspecialshift-invariantspaces,splinesubspacesyieldmanyadvantagessothattherearemanypracticalapplicationsforsignalorimageprocessing.Inthispaper,wepayattentiontothesamplingandreconstructionprobleminsplinesubspaces.Weimprovelowerboundofsamplingsetconditionsinsplinesubspaces.Basedontheimprovedexplicitlowerbound,aimprovedexplicitconvergenceratioofreconstructionalgorithmisobtained.Theimprovedconvergenceratiooccupiesfasterconvergenceratethanoldone.Attheend,somenumericalexamplesareshowntovalidateourresults.

简介：AbstractUpper respiratory tract samples are the most commonly used samples for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis. The samples collected from the nasopharynx are preferred for viral nucleic acids detection. Commercial nasopharyngeal swabs (NPSs) are the major factor that influences the sampling quality. We here evaluated the acceptability and efficiency of NPSs from five manufacturers by examining the concentration of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) retrieved from the swabs using the RT-PCR method. Significant different concentrations of GAPDH were detected, ranged from 4.36 × 108 copies/mL to 6.98 × 1010 copies/mL among the five swabs (P < 0.05). The designation of the swab head, with or without tip expansion, had limited influence on the collection efficiency. The discrepancy among the NPSs emphasized the improvement of the swab head material.

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简介：Opticalperformancemonitoringusingasynchronousopticalorelectricalsamplinghasgainedconsiderableattention.Relativeclockwanderbetweendatasignalandsamplingsourceisatypicaloccurrenceinsuchsystems.Amethodforthequantitativemonitoringoftherelativeclockwanderinasynchronousopticalundersamplingsystemispresented.Withaseriesofsimulations,theclockwandersrecoveredusingthismethodareingoodagreementwiththepresetclockwandersofdifferentamountsandfrequenciesforbothRZandNRZsignals.Hence,thereliabilityandrobustnessofthemethodareproven.

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简介：AIM:Toinvestigatetheaccuracyofendoscopicorbiopsydiagnosesofsuperficialnonampullaryduodenalepithelialtumors(NADETs).METHODS:Clinicopathologicaldatawerereviewedfor84superficialNADETsfrom74patientswhounderwentsurgeryorendoscopicresectionbetweenSeptember2002andAugust2014atasingleprefecturalcancercenter.SuperficialNADETsweredefinedaslesionsconfinedtothemucosaorsubmucosa.Demographicandclinicopathologicaldatawereretrievedfromcharts,endoscopicandpathologicreports.Endoscopicreportsincludedendoscopicdiagnosis,location,grosstype,diameter,color,andpresenceorabsenceofbiopsy.Endoscopicdiagnosesweremadebyanendoscopistinchargeoftheexaminationbeforebiopsyspecimenswereobtained.Endoscopicimageswereobtainedusingroutine,front-view,high-resolutionvideoendoscopy,andchromoendoscopywithindigocarminewasperformedforalllesions.Endoscopicimageswerereviewedbyatleasttwoendoscopiststoassessendoscopicfindingsindicativeofcarcinoma.Preoperativediagnosesbasedonendoscopyandbiopsyfindingswerecomparedwithhistologicaldiagnosesofresectedspecimens.Sensitivity,specificity,andaccuracywereassessedforendoscopicdiagnosisandbiopsydiagnosis.RESULTS:Themajority(81%)ofthelesionswerelocatedinthesecondportionoftheduodenum.Themedianlesiondiameterwas14.5mmaccordingtofinalhistology.Surgerywasperformedfor49lesionsfrom39patients,and35lesionsfrom35patientswereendoscopicallyresected.Finalhistologyconfirmed65carcinomas,15adenomas,and3hyperplasias.Afinaldiagnosisofduodenalcarcinomawasmadefor91%(52/57)ofthelesionsdiagnosedascarcinomabyendoscopyand93%(42/45)ofthelesionsdiagnosedascarcinomabybiopsy.Thesensitivity,specificity,andaccuracyofendoscopicdiagnoseswere80%,72%,and78%,respectively,whereasthoseofbiopsydiagnoseswere72%,80%,and74%,respectively.Preoperativediagnosesofcarcinomasweremadein88%(57/65)ofthecarcinomalesionsviaendoscopyorbiopsy.En

简介：Nonalcoholicfattyliverdisease(NAFLD),definedasabnormalaccumulation(>5%)ofhepatictriglyceridewithoutexcessalcoholintake,isthemostcommonformofchronicliverdiseaseinadultsandchildrenintheUnitedStates.NAFLDencompassesaspectrumofhistologicfindingsincludinguncomplicatedsteatosis,steatosiswithinflammationandsteatohepatitis[nonalcoholicsteatohepatitis(NASH)];thelattercanadvancetocirrhosisandhepatocellularcarcinoma.NASHiscurrentlyacceptedasthehepaticmanifestationofthesetofcardiovascularriskfactorscollectivelyknownasmetabolicsyndrome.In1999asystemforhistologicgradingandstagingforNASHwasproposed;thiswasrevisedbytheNASHClinicalResearchNetworkin2005fortheentirespectrumoflesionsinNAFLD,includingthelesionsandpatternsofpediatricNAFLD,andforapplicationinclinicalresearchtrials.Diagnosisremainsdistinctfromgradeandstage.ArecentEuropeanproposalseparatessteatosisfromactivitytoderiveanumericdiagnosisofNASH.Eventhoughtherehavebeenpromisingadvancementsinnon-invasivetesting,thesetestsarenotyetdetailedenoughtoreplacethefullrangeoffindingsprovidedbyliverbiopsyevaluation.Limitationsofbiopsyareacknowledged,butliverbiopsyremainsthe'goldstandard'fordiagnosisanddeterminationofamountsofnecroinflammatoryactivity,andlocationoffibrosis,aswellasremodelingoftheparenchymainNASH.ThisreviewfocusesonthespecifichistologiclesionsofNAFLDandNASH,gradingandstaging,differentialdiagnosestobeconsidered,andthecontinuingroleoftheliverbiopsyinthisimportantliverdisease.

简介：Compressivesensingisarevolutionaryideaproposedrecentlytoachievemuchlowersamplingrateforsignals.Intheimageapplicationwithlimitedresourcesthecameradatacanbestoredandprocessedincompressedform.Analgorithmformovingobjectandregiondetectioninvideousingacompressivesamplingisdeveloped.Thealgorithmestimatesmotioninformationofthemovingobjectandregionsinthevideofromthecompressivemeasurementsofthecurrentimageandbackgroundscene.Thealgorithmdoesnotperforminversecompressiveoperationtoobtaintheactualpixelsofthecurrentimagenortheestimatedbackground.Thisleadstoacomputationallyefficientmethodandasystemcomparedwiththeexistingmotionestimationmethods.Theexperimentalresultsshowthatthesamplingratecanreduceto25%withoutsacrificingperformance.

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简介：Background:Dependingontreeandsitecharacteristicscrownbiomassaccountsforasignificantportionofthetotalabovegroundbiomassinthetree.Crownbiomassestimationisusefulfordifferentpurposesincludingevaluatingtheeconomicfeasibilityofcrownutilizationforenergyproductionorforestproducts,fuelloadassessmentsandfiremanagementstrategies,andwildfiremodeling.However,crownbiomassisdifficulttopredictbecauseofthevariabilitywithinandamongspeciesandsites.Thustheallometricequationsusedforpredictingcrownbiomassshouldbebasedondatacollectedwithpreciseandunbiasedsamplingstrategies.Inthisstudy,weevaluatetheperformancedifferentsamplingstrategiestoestimatecrownbiomassandtoevaluatetheeffectofsamplesizeinestimatingcrownbiomass.Methods:Usingdatacollectedfrom20destructivelysampledtrees,weevaluated11differentsamplingstrategiesusingsixevaluationstatistics:bias,relativebias,rootmeansquareerror(RMSE),relativeRMSE,amountofbiomasssampled,andrelativebiomasssampled.Wealsoevaluatedtheperformanceoftheselectedsamplingstrategieswhendifferentnumbersofbranches(3,6,9,and12)areselectedfromeachtree.Treespecificloglinearmodelwithbranchdiameterandbranchlengthascovariateswasusedtoobtainindividualbranchbiomass.Results:Comparedtoallothermethodsstratifiedsamplingwithprobabilityproportionaltosizeestimationtechniqueproducedbetterresultswhenthreeorsixbranchespertreeweresampled.However,thesystematicsamplingwithratioestimationtechniquewasthebestwhenatleastninebranchespertreeweresampled.Underthestratifiedsamplingstrategy,selectingunequalnumberofbranchesperstratumproducedapproximatelysimilarresultstosimplerandomsampling,butitfurtherdecreasedRMSEwheninformationonbranchdiameterisusedinthedesignandestimationphases.Conclusions:UseofauxiliaryinformationindesignorestimationphasereducestheRMSEproducedbyasamplingstrategy.Howe

简介：Point-basedsurfacehasbeenwidelyusedincomputergraphicsformodeling,animation,visualization,simulationofliquidandsoon.Furthermore,particle-basedapproachcandistributethesurfacesamplingpointsandcontrolitsparametersaccordingtotheneedsoftheapplication.Inthispaper,weexamineseveralkindsofalgorithmspresentedoverthelastdecades,withthemainfocusonparticlesamplingtechnologiesforimplicitsurface.Therefore,weclassifyvariousalgorithmsintocategories,describemainideasbehindeachcategories,andcomparetheadvantagesandshortcomingsofthealgorithmsineachcategory.

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简介：Increasedabdominalimaginghasledtoanincreaseinthedetectionoftheincidentalsmallrenalmass(SRM).WithincreasingrecognitionthatthemalignantpotentialofSRMsisheterogeneous,rangingfrombenign(15%-20%)toaggressive(20%),enthusiasmformoreconservativemanagementstrategiesintheelderlyandinfirmed,suchasactivesurveillance(AS),havegrownconsiderably.AsthemanagementoftheSRMevolvestoincorporateablativetechniquesandASforlowriskdisease,theroleofrenalmassbiopsy(RMB)tohelpguideindividualizedtherapyisevolving.Historically,theroleofRMBwaslimitedtotheevaluationofsuspectedmetastaticdisease,renalabscess,orlymphoma.However,inthecontemporaryera,theroleofbiopsyhasgrown,mostnotablytoidentifypatientswhoharborbenignlesionsandforwhomtreatment,particularlytheelderlyorfrail,maybeavoided.WhenperformingaRMBtoguideinitialclinicaldecisionmakingforsmall,localizedtumors,themostrelevantquestionsareoftenrelegatedtoproofofmalignancyanddocumentation(ifpossible)ofgrade.However,significantintratumoralheterogeneityhasbeenidentifiedinclearcellrenalcellcarcinoma(ccRCC)thatmayleadtoanunderestimationofthegeneticcomplexityofatumorwhensingle-biopsyproceduresareused.HeterogeneousgenomiclandscapesandbranchedparallelevolutionofccRCCswithspatiallyseparatedsubclonescreatesanillusionofclonaldominancewhenassessedbysinglebiopsiesandraisesimportantquestionsregardinghowtumorscanbeoptimallysampledandwhetherfutureevolutionarytumorbranchesmightbepredictableandultimatelytargetable.Thisworkraisesprofoundquestionsconcerningthegeneticlandscapeofcancerandhowtumorheterogeneitymayaffect,andpossiblyconfound,targeteddiagnosticandtherapeuticinterventions.Inthisreview,wediscussthecurrentroleofRMB,theimplicationsoftumorheterogeneityondiagnosticaccuracy,andhighlightpromisingfuturedirections.

简介：当前transrectal指导超声的前列腺活体检视(TRUS-Bx)是最普通的urological过程之一，在经历TRUS-Bx的病人之中在欧洲和统一States.1每年与超过100万表现了，约三分之一个将收到前列腺癌症(PCa)的诊断，当三分之二在起始的活体检视上收到否定结果时。否定活体检视病人在1年维持12%的重复活体检视的估计的风险并且38%在5years.2标准TRUS-Bx是可能的系统地错过重要肿瘤，特别地在gland.3的前面、顶端的部分，在下一十年的泌尿科医师的一个关键目的是增加过程的精确性并且避免不恰当的活体检视的使用。