简介：目的通过对SARS事件前后护理本科生专业态度的比较，探讨提高护理专业学生专业认同感的有效途径。方法采用问卷调查法对109例护理本科在校生的SARS事件前后的专业态度等进行调查。结果SARS事件前后学生专业态度有显著性差异（P〈0．01），表现为积极的态度增强，消极的态度减弱；SARS事件前后父母的态度也有一定程度的改变（P〈0．05）；父母对护理的态度与学生的专业态度存在一定的相关关系。结论促进人们对护理的认识是提升护理专业的社会地位，促进护理专业学生专业认同感的重要途径；护理专业自身的完善与发展，是提升护理社会地位，促进护理专业学生专业认同感的根本。

简介：分析表明：SARS对我国高新技术产品出口的影响主要在二、三季度，预计今年减少出口30～40亿美元，影响出口增长5％～6％；出口增长速度超过27％，全年高新技术产品出口额可能达到900亿美元，约占出口总额25％。高新技术产品出口对外贸出口增长的支撑作用将进一步提高。

简介：伴随着现代化进程的深入,都市的社会结构越来越社会网络化.借助电子互动类媒介,本土传播也成为跨地域的社会网络传播.但这种传播在涉及公众切身利益的突发性灾难时往往是增加而不是减少不确定性.正是这种不确定性的增加对社会秩序提出了严峻的挑战,从而凸现出"中心"或"权威"的重要性.而大众媒介则是"中心"或"权威"维持社会秩序,或者说减少不确定性的必不可少的工具.

简介：通过对传染病流行过程的阐述，特别是SARS传染病在人群中传播所具备的三个环节（传播链）的分析，探讨了空港口岸SARS的检疫监测和控制的有效方法和现实意义，旨在为今后口岸公共卫生的应急控制提供良好的检疫监控理论和方法。

简介：<正>西医组18例,中西医组8例,均按卫生部“非典型肺炎”临床诊断标准和推荐治疗方案执行。治法:甲基氢化泼尼松80～320mg,q12h或q8h静滴;病毒唑0.3gq8h,培福沙星0.4gq12h,分别加入5％葡萄糖静滴;鱼腥草注射液100ml日2次,静滴;清开灵注射液20ml+5％250ml静滴;对症支持治疗;无创持续气道正压通气(CPAP)治疗。西医组未用鱼腥草注射液和清开灵注射液治疗,中西医组加用此两种注射液治疗。结果:西医组死亡5例,中西医组死亡

简介：当今世界,危机此起彼伏.著名的危机对策研究专家C·F赫尔曼对危机的定义是:'威胁到决策集团优先目标的一种形势,在这种形势中,决策集团作出反应的时间非常有限,且形势常常向令决策集团惊奇的方向发展.'

简介：中科院上海药物研究所的科学家在中草药抗SARS成分研究中发现，在橘子、山楂和猕猴桃中含有一种抗SARS活性成分。在近日举行的“中欧SARS诊断和抗病毒项（SEPSDA）2006年度会议”新闻发布会上，中欧科学家一起宣布了这个今年5月最新发现的科研成果。

简介：

简介：

简介：欧盟和中国的科学家联合宣布，他们从已经投入使用的药物中，发现了可以直接应对SARS的药物．这个药物叫做肉桂硫胺，是上个世纪70年代就已通过临床试验并投入使用的抗精神分裂药物．

简介：AbstractLike antibody evaluation, using an effective antigen-specific T-cell immunity assessment method in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, survivors and vaccinees is crucial for understanding the immune persistence, prognosis assessment, and vaccine development for COVID-19. This study evaluated an empirically adjusted enzyme-linked immunospot assay for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T-cell immunity in 175 peripheral blood samples from COVID-19 convalescents and healthy individuals. Results of viral nucleic acid were used as the gold standard of infection confirmation. The SARS-CoV-2M peptide pool had higher sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 71% for the single peptide pool. For combined peptide pools, the parallel evaluation (at least one of the peptide pools is positive) of total peptide pools (S1&S2&M&N) had higher sensitivity (up to 93%), and the serial evaluation (all peptide pools are positive) of total peptide pools had higher specificity (up to 100%). The result of the serial evaluation was better than that of the parallel evaluation as a whole. The detection efficiency of M and N peptide pool serial evaluation appeared the highest, with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 93%. This T-cell immunity detection assay introduced in this report can achieve high operability and applicability. Therefore, it can be an effective SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune function evaluation method.

简介：AbstractThe pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to unprecedented social and economic disruption. Many nucleic acid testing (NAT) laboratories in China have been established to control the epidemic better. This proficiency testing (PT) aims to evaluate the participants’ performance in qualitative and quantitative SARS-CoV-2 NAT and to explore the factors that contribute to differences in detection capabilities. Two different concentrations of RNA samples (A, B) were used for quantitative PT. Pseudovirus samples D, E (different concentrations) and negative sample (F) were used for qualitative PT. 50 data sets were reported for qualitative PT, of which 74.00% were entirely correct for all samples. Forty-two laboratories participated in the quantitative PT. 37 submitted all gene results, of which only 56.76% were satisfactory. For qualitative detection, it is suggested that laboratories should strengthen personnel training, select qualified detection kits, and reduce cross-contamination to improve detection accuracy. For quantitative detection, the results of the reverse transcription digital PCR (RT-dPCR) method were more comparable and reliable than those of reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The copy number concentration of ORF1ab and N in samples A and B scattered in 85, 223, 50, and 106 folds, respectively. The differences in the quantitative result of RT-qPCR was mainly caused by the non-standard use of reference materials and the lack of personnel operating skills. Comparing the satisfaction of participants participating in both quantitative and qualitative proficiency testing, 95.65% of the laboratories with satisfactory quantitative results also judged the qualitative results correctly, while 85.71% of the laboratories with unsatisfactory quantitative results were also unsatisfied with their qualitative judgments. Therefore, the quantitative ability is the basis of qualitative judgment. Overall, participants from hospitals reported more satisfactory results than those from enterprises and universities. Therefore, surveillance, daily qualitiy control and standardized operating procedures should be strengthened to improve the capability of SARS-CoV-2 NAT.

简介：AbstractBackground:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is pandemic. However, the origins and global transmission pattern of SARS-CoV-2 remain largely unknown. We aimed to characterize the origination and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 based on evolutionary dynamics.Methods:Using the full-length sequences of SARS-CoV-2 with intact geographic, demographic, and temporal information worldwide from the GISAID database during 26 December 2019 and 30 November 2020, we constructed the transmission tree to depict the evolutionary process by the R package "outbreaker" . The affinity of the mutated receptor-binding region of the spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was predicted using mCSM-PPI2 software. Viral infectivity and antigenicity were tested in ACE2-transfected HEK293T cells by pseudovirus transfection and neutralizing antibody test.Results:From 26 December 2019 to 8 March 2020, early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 strains identified worldwide were mainly composed of three clusters: the Europe-based cluster including two USA-based subclusters; the Asia-based cluster including isolates in China, Japan, the USA, Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, and Italy; and the USA-based cluster. The SARS-CoV-2 strains identified in the USA formed four independent clades while those identified in China formed one clade. After 8 March 2020, the clusters of SARS-CoV-2 strains tended to be independent and became "pure" in each of the major countries. Twenty-two of 60 mutations in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein were predicted to increase the binding affinity of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2. Of all predicted mutants, the number of E484K was the largest one with 86 585 sequences, followed by S477N with 55 442 sequences worldwide. In more than ten countries, the frequencies of the isolates with E484K and S477N increased significantly. V367F and N354D mutations increased the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses (P < 0.001). SARS-CoV-2 with V367F was more sensitive to the S1-targeting neutralizing antibody than the wild-type counterpart (P < 0.001).Conclusions:SARS-CoV-2 strains might have originated in several countries simultaneously under certain evolutionary pressure. Travel restrictions might cause location-specific SARS-CoV-2 clustering. The SARS-CoV-2 evolution appears to facilitate its transmission via altering the affinity to ACE2 or immune evasion.

简介：AbstractThe present pandemic has posed a crisis to the economy of the world and the health sector. Therefore, the race to expand research to understand some good molecular targets for vaccine and therapeutic development for SARS-CoV-2 is inevitable. The newly discovered coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a positive sense, single-stranded RNA, and enveloped virus, assigned to the beta CoV genus. The virus (SARS-CoV-2) is more infectious than the previously detected coronaviruses (MERS and SARS). Findings from many studies have revealed that S protein and RdRp are good targets for drug repositioning, novel therapeutic development (antibodies and small molecule drugs), and vaccine discovery. Therapeutics such as chloroquine, convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies, spike binding peptides, and small molecules could alter the ability of S protein to bind to the ACE-2 receptor, and drugs such as remdesivir (targeting SARS-CoV-2 RdRp), favipir, and emetine could prevent SASR-CoV-2 RNA synthesis. The novel vaccines such as mRNA1273 (Moderna), 3LNP-mRNAs (Pfizer/BioNTech), and ChAdOx1-S (University of Oxford/Astra Zeneca) targeting S protein have proven to be effective in combating the present pandemic. Further exploration of the potential of S protein and RdRp is crucial in fighting the present pandemic.

简介：AbstractBackground:Asymptomatic or symptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be followed by reinfection. The protection conferred by prior infection among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is unclear. We assessed the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and the protection effect of previous infection against reinfection.Methods:We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov for publications up until the end date of May 1, 2021. The reinfection rate of recovered patients and the protection against reinfection were analyzed using meta-analysis.Results:Overall, 19 studies of 1096 reinfection patients were included. The pooled reinfection rate was 0.65% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39-0.98%). The symptomatic reinfection rate was a bit lower (0.37% [95% CI 0.11-0.78%], I2 = 99%). The reinfection rate was much higher in high-risk populations (1.59% [95% CI 0.30-3.88%], I2= 90%). The protection against reinfection and symptomatic reinfection was similar (87.02% [95% CI 83.22-89.96%] and 87.17% [95% CI 83.09-90.26%], respectively).Conclusions:The rate of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is relatively low. The protection against SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection is comparable to that estimated for vaccine efficacy. These data may help guide public health measures and vaccination strategies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. High-quality clinical studies are needed to establish the relevant risk factors in recovered patients.

简介：摘要目的探讨新型冠状病毒（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2，SARS-CoV-2）特异性IgM和IgG抗体检测应用于不同人群新型冠状病毒肺炎（corona virus disease 2019，COVID-19）诊断和筛查的作用价值。方法回顾性分析2020年4月至2020年7月间收集的48例SARS-CoV-2特异性IgM或IgG抗体阳性人员的血清抗体动态检测信息，分为COVID-19确诊病例组、疑似病例组、假阳性组。结果15例COVID-19确诊病例组在患者确诊后0~4 d、5~9 d单纯IgM抗体阳性率为6.67%和13.33%，10~14 dIgM和IgG双抗体阳性率达100.00%；19例疑似病例组中单纯IgM抗体观察期间全部转为IgG抗体；14例假阳性人群表现为单IgM阳性，观察期间无1例IgG转阳。结论动态检测SARS-CoV-2特异性抗体变化趋势可协助判断COVID-19感染情况，为临床提供一定的参考依据。

简介：目的研究SARS患者预后2年T淋巴细胞亚群的变化，探讨其变化的影响因素及发生机制。方法于2005年5月对100例预后2年的SARS确诊病例和29例健康献血者作为对照组进行随访调查，收集流行病学基线资料和体检资料，同时抽取5ml抗凝肘静脉血，采用流式细胞仪检测其外周血CD3^＋、CD4^＋及CD8^＋T淋巴细胞百分比；采用全自动血细胞分析仪检测其外周血白细胞计数及分类。结果（1）100例SARS确诊病例CD4／CD8〈1.5者70例，〉1.5者有30例；病例组CD3^＋CD4^＋细胞率（30.29±7.69）％明显低于对照组（43.15±2.99）％，（t=6.12，P〈0.01）；病例组CD3^＋CD8^＋细胞率（69.51）明显高于对照组（49．45），（Z=-2．54，P〈0.05）；病例组CD3^＋／CD8^＋（56．43）明显低于对照组（94.55），（Z=-4．84，P〈0.01）；病例组淋巴细胞绝对值（0.83±0.44）明显低于对照组（1.87±0．68），（t=9.71，p〈0.01）；（2）不同性别、年龄、有无吸烟、有无饮酒者的CD4／CD8值没有差别（t值分别为．1．90、．0．09、1.40、0.395，P均〉0．05）；（3）病例组中CD4／CD8值在应用免疫调节剂和未应用免疫调节剂两组间有显著性差异（t=2．81，P〈0．05），应用免疫调节剂组CD4／CD8值明显低于未应用免疫调节剂组；在有无应用糖皮质激素两组间无差异（t=1．097，P〉0．05）；激素应用总量、日平均量、单日最大剂量及应用时间与CD4／CD8值无相关关系，（r分别为-0．21、0．162、0．073、-0．125，P均〉0．05）；（4）发病期间淋巴细胞百分比最低值、淋巴细胞绝对值最低值、SaO2最低值、PaO2最低值，肺部病变范围与CD4／CD8无相关关系，（r值分别为0，129、0．05、0．165、0．179、0．001、P均〉0．05）；（5）CD4／CD8值与骨关节病变的严重程度、肺纤维化发生情况无相关关系（r值分别为．0．078，0．001，P均〉0.05）。结论

简介：AbstractBackground:Since its discovery in December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 2 180 000 people worldwide and has caused more than 150 000 deaths as of April 16, 2020. SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a cell receptor to invade human cells. Thus, ACE2 is the key to understanding the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study is to investigate the ACE2 expression in various human tissues in order to provide insights into the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Methods:We compared ACE2 expression levels across 31 normal human tissues between males and females and between younger (ages ≤ 49 years) and older (ages > 49 years) persons using two-sided Student's t test. We also investigated the correlations between ACE2 expression and immune signatures in various tissues using Pearson's correlation test.Results:ACE2 expression levels were the highest in the small intestine, testis, kidneys, heart, thyroid, and adipose tissue, and were the lowest in the blood, spleen, bone marrow, brain, blood vessels, and muscle. ACE2 showed medium expression levels in the lungs, colon, liver, bladder, and adrenal gland. ACE2 was not differentially expressed between males and females or between younger and older persons in any tissue. In the skin, digestive system, brain, and blood vessels, ACE2 expression levels were positively associated with immune signatures in both males and females. In the thyroid and lungs, ACE2 expression levels were positively and negatively associated with immune signatures in males and females, respectively, and in the lungs they had a positive and a negative correlation in the older and younger groups, respectively.Conclusions:Our data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 may infect other tissues aside from the lungs and infect persons with different sexes, ages, and races equally. The different host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection may partially explain why males and females, young and old persons infected with this virus have markedly distinct disease severity. This study provides new insights into the role of ACE2 in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

简介：

简介：2002年冬至2003年春，一场突如其来的SARS疫情由南向北席卷我国内陆的25个省市区以及港台地区。截至2003年5月31日，我国内陆地区共报告SARS病例5328例(其中医务人员病例数为967例，占病例总数的18．15％)，死亡332例。面对这次SARS疫情，党中央、国务院给以高度重视，医疗卫生系统与全国各条战线一道全力投入扑灭疫情的战斗中，打了一场漂亮的人民战争。然而，硝烟散