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简介：AbstractPurpose:Successful application experiences on public-private partnership (PPP) in different countries, suggest that PPP could be an option in road traffic injury (RTI) prevention. The present study aims at investigating the applicability of PPP policy in RTI prevention in Iran based on the experts’ perspectives.Methods:This is a qualitative study with grounded theory approach which has been conducted in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran in 2018. The participants were 22 experts in the field of RTIs selected using purposive sampling method. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews and analyzed with content-analysis method.Results:The results were classified under 5 main themes (applicability, scopes and services, challenges, advantages, and strategies) for applying PPP policy and 37 sub-themes. Due to the prevalence of RTIs, the present challenges in public sector, existence of qualified private sector, and successful experiences in other areas, there are opportunities for private sector partnership in prevention of RTIs. Private sector could participate in different scopes and services regarding RTI prevention, including road construction and maintenance, maintenance and provision of vehicles safety and public education. The main challenges including legislation issues, ambiguities in collaboration, political and organizational unsustain-ability, government's financial hardship and lack of experienced experts in the field of RTI. However, there are significant advantages including high efficiency in program implementation, covering the weaknesses of public sector, effective and efficient management on application of PPP in RTI prevention. The strategies include identifying and prioritizing the assignable activities, identifying the qualified private sector, developing PPP policies and legal frameworks, creating a common language between public and private parties, trying to meet the expectations of the private sector by public sector, developing a comprehensive and sound contract, and cultivating public culture to accept private sector in the field of RTI prevention.Conclusion:This study sought to determine whether PPP could be used as strategy to reduce the burden of RTIs in Iran. But it requires a lot of preliminary studies to provide the context and conditions for applying this policy.

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简介：ItisafundamentalwaytoachievesustainabledevelopmentandinclusivegrowththatChinatakesthelow-carbondevelopmentpath.Andlow-carbondevelopmentisaneffectivewaytorespondtomanythreats,includingglobalclimateanomalies,environmentaldegradation,andenergyshortage.Low-carboneconomyispolicyeconomytoalargeextent.Althoughtheexternalenvironmentdemandslow-carbondevelopmentofelectricpowerindustry,enterpriseslackintrinsicmotivation.ElectricpowerindustryisthepillarindustryofChina,andisoneofthekeyindustriesforChina'slow-carbondevelopment.Thegovernmentneedstoensureitsdominantpositioninthelow-carbondevelopmentofelectricpowerindustry,andreformthegovernmentperformancemanagementsystemandpromotetheplanningandmanagementofelectricpowerindustrythroughappropriatepublicpolicy,inordertoadjustthestructureoftheelectricpowerindustryandtakealow-carbondevelopmentroadwithChinesecharacteristics.

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简介：冲绳马槽是一条背弧，起始的边缘的海盆，在琉球弧沟系统后面定位了。冲绳马槽的形成和进化是亲密地后来在欧亚的板下面菲律宾的海板与subduction有关处理晚中新世。马槽的构造进化类似于另外的活跃背弧，例如玛丽安娜马槽和南部的Lau盆，所有哪个正在经历起始的rifting和随后的传播过程。这研究考察岩石学的所有和mafic的geochemical数据从冲绳马槽，琉球弧，和菲律宾的海板的暴烈的熔岩，与地球物理的数据结合了在菲律宾的海板琉球弧冲绳马槽系统(职业人员)显示在subduction来源(输入)和弧或背弧岩浆(输出)之间的关系。获得的结果证明几个部件易变地涉及冲绳马槽熔岩的petrogenesis：位于欧亚的板，印度中间海洋的山脉暗岩(MORB)类型披风，和和平的MORB类型披风下面的亚大陆人lithospheric披风。浅水的液体并且深的增加含水易变地与印度MORB类型披风的特征从subducted部件融化进熔岩的披风来源在冲绳马槽下面在琉球和subcontinentallithospheric披风(SCLM)下面修改原始披风楔。在马槽和弧的东北结束，而不是印度MORB类型披风，和平的MORB类型披风统治岩浆来源。沿着琉球弧和冲绳马槽的罢工，在踪迹元素比率和同位素的作文的系统的变化在岩浆来源上反映可变subduction输入的一阶的效果。一般来说，岩石学的数据，与地球物理的数据结合了，暗示冲绳马槽正在经历在东北片断，和初生的海洋盆在西南片断，在中间的片断的裂缝繁殖过程，和外壳的延期过程散布过程的seafloor发生在西南片断。

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简介：Wereviewthestateoftheartandourperspectivesonsiliconandhybridsiliconphotonicdevicesforopticalinterconnectsindatacenters.Afterabriefdiscussionofthekeyrequirementsforintra-datacenteropticalinterconnects,weproposeawavelength-division-multiplexing(WDM)-basedopticalinterconnectforintra-datacenterapplications.Followingourproposedinterconnectsconfiguration,thebulkofthereviewemphasizesrecentdevelopmentsconcerningon-chiphybridsiliconmicrolasersandWDMtransmitters,andsiliconphotonicswitchfabricsforintra-datacenters.ForhybridsiliconmicrolasersandWDMtransmitters,weoutlinetheremainingchallengesandkeyissuestowardrealizinglowpowerconsumption,directmodulation,andintegrationofmultiwavelengthmicrolaserarrays.Forsiliconphotonicswitchfabrics,wereviewvarioustopologiesandconfigurationsofhigh-port-countN-by-NswitchfabricsusingMach–Zehnderinterferometersandmicroringresonatorsasswitchelements,anddiscusstheirprospectstowardpracticalimplementationswithactivereconfiguration.Forthemicroring-basedswitchfabrics,wereviewrecentdevelopmentsofactivestabilizationschemesatthesubsystemlevel.Last,weoutlineseverallargechallengesandproblemsforsiliconandhybridsiliconphotonicstomeetforintra-datacenterapplicationsandproposepotentialsolutions.

简介：Theperi-urbanizationareaasakindofrural-urbaninterfaceischangingrapidly,inphysical,economic,andsocialterms.Thelandusepatterninsuchareaisshiftingawayfromtheassumptionsofmainstreamparadigmstonewconceptuallandscapes,whichleadstoaseriesofproblemsoneconomicdevelopmentandsocialstabilization.Therearemanyresearchesonnon-agriculturalland-useinperi-urbanizationarea.Inthispaperbothinternationalanddomesticresearchliteratureisreviewedbydividingsixparts.Thefirstpartintroducestheconceptionofperi-ur-banizationareaanditsdriverfactors.ThenInthesecondandthethirdpart,thepaperexpatiatesontheprogressinthenon-agriculturalland-useinperi-urbanareaonland-usepattern,evolution,characteristics,problems,etc.Theforthpartfocusesonthereasonsthatcausetheland-useproblemsintheresearcharea,whilethefifthpartreviewstheintegratingwaysofnon-agriculturalland-use.Finally,recommendationsforfurtherstudyaredrawwithspecificreferencetothecurrentandfuturepositionofnon-agriculturalland-usestudyinperi-urbanarea.

简介：Theattitudeoftheleastadvantagedpeopletoincomeinequalityisimportantinregardtosocialstability,whichisalsoamajorconcernofthegovernmentandresearchersinChina.ThispaperaimedtoinvestigatetheperceptionsandattitudesoftheleastadvantagedpeopletowardincomeinequalityinChina.Anempiricalanalysiswasconductedonfarmers’attitudestoincomeinequalitybasedonaquestionnairesurveyof308farmersinfourvillagesinYingshan,HubeiProvince.Ourresultsshowthattherespondentsconsidertheincomeinequalityassevere,andability,hardwork,andindividualchoicesarethemajordeterminantfactorsofincome.Itisshownthatfarmersinlessdevelopedareasaremorelikelytoacceptincomeinequality,andtheyascribethistotheirownfailureratherthantosocialinjustice.However,itisnotthecasethatpeoplelivinginpoverty-strickenareasaresatisfiedwithantipovertypolicies;andthesepoliciesareexpectedtobefurtherimprovedtoincreasetheincomeofthepoor.

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简介：三的大楼塞满水坝(湖北()省，中国)在一特别短的时间以内基于持续农业与经济把一个区域转变几千年了成完全不同的环境。这破坏碳，营养素，和金属并且可能的自然biogeochemical周期将包括下游的生态系统影响整个集水，例如沼泽地，河口，三角洲，和邻近的海区域。从已经被记录了的变化开始，这篇文章专注于FerryBox的可能的使用，它是在一艘轮船上或在岸上的一个自动化水质量测量系统，为了监视河的质量的短、长期的发展，水坝在回水区域并且下游地流水。当已经有时，研究规划运行监视河和回水区域的水质量，这些程序被限制与采样和实验室分析装运运动。如此的大小的空间、时间的分辨率不为对水质量的一个全面评价并且为在上下文的预测是足够的人为并且气候变化。因此，由FerryBox使用常规自动化观察的一个概念被介绍。如此的系统很好被适合给反馈让对措施的评价改进水质量，这被显示出。

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