从英语阅读结构看高中英语阅读

从英语阅读结构看高中英语阅读

马丽雅

河北省石家庄市河北外国语学院 050091

摘要：英语阅读能力在高考时比重较大，老师和学生都很重视但是苦于在探索的路上徘徊。大多数人是以词句为单位分析文章，对文章翻译。但成效不明显。本文以阅读文章的结构入手，探讨阅读和写作之间的关系，宏观上推进阅读的提升。

关键词：英语阅读；文章结构；双向互逆；思维导图

英语阅读主要围绕听说读写四个方面。阅读作为所有题型中分量最重的题型，是学生首先接触的部分，在平时学生学习中练习最多，也是容易提升分数的部分。高中英语教学的核心是课文阅读, 一是对学生进行阅读技能、技巧的训练, 培养其阅读理解能力; 二是通过阅读,使学生不断学到新的语言知识,提高学生实际运用英语的能力。阅读材料涉及各种题材、风格等领域,能够提供自然完整和系统的书面语言环境,包含了丰富的语法结构、词汇、信息内容以及其他各种语言现象,学生可通过阅读来掌握英语语言技能,与作者进行思想交流,跟着作者的思维去体验、领悟作者所传达的信息, 学习模仿作者运用英语的技巧。阅读能力的提高,可为学生今后了解国外一些先进的科学技术和文学艺术打下良好的基础。阅读既可以在整体上提高学生的语言素质, 提高学生英语听说和写作的综合能力，还可以满足学生求知欲和好奇心,从而增强学生学习英语的兴趣和自信心。

1. 文章结构分析

汉堡式结构

形象的汉堡式分析把文章分成了三部分。第一部分是介绍，第二部分是主体段落，根据细节分成两到三部分不等。第三部分是结尾段落。汉堡式结构是传统的文章结构，尤其对于中间文本的细节分析，根据文本情况展开，可以从不同方面和角度展开说明。以2018年天津卷阅读理解D篇为例，

Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering these questions.

Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的) to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.

The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.

Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a “ruby-crowned kinglet” and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.

The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.

Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.

第一、二段是介绍部分。Relearning the art of seeing the world around us takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits. 三四五段是主体部分，分别从三个方面给了一些小贴士。Stop making prediction before sth occurs. Don’t always focus on details. Don’t be pushed by “time”and“destination”。最后一部分是结尾段落 Relearning the art of seeing the world around us will open a new dimension to your life。首尾呼应，典型的英文文章结构。这样的文章结构也给我们在写作方面给了一个启示，在写作时我们要模仿阅读的结构方式，参照原汁原味的文章进行自我文章的展开和叙述。

第二种文章结构是正反两方观点的议论文的结构，首段介绍，尾段总结。中间从正反两个方面展开辩论。每一个方面又分别从几点展开。文章结构如图所示：

这种文章在论述的时候逻辑性强，观点明确，论述往往简洁。问题设置有如下类型：Which of the following shows the structure of the text?

这种文章类型也是我们经常在学习议论文过程中遇到的。在英语大学写作中常见。所以我们经常说阅读和写作是双向互逆的过程。在阅读中学习英文写作思路并且用到英语写作中，在写作中体会英文思路。这种议论文是非常实用的，在平时学习中也要多加练习。

第三种结构是倒金字塔型。这种结构首先介绍全文主要信息，文章摘要回答主要问题who、what、when、where、how、why。第二部分介绍重要细节，将文章细节展开论述。最后一部分介绍其他信息背景，对文章进行结束总结。这种结构如图所示：

倒金字塔结构在阅读文章中也是占比重分量较大的一部分。例如结合以下文本分析，可以将金字塔具体化：

Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.

In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.

"We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains.

"I pay £5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves."

The eight-part series, Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.

With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.

细细品读文章，可以将文本具体化结构，结合倒金字塔的形状，可以将文本结构分析为如图所示;

理解了文章的结构，也就不难对试题题目进行选择。

1. What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 4?

   A. Summarize the previous paragraphs.      

   B. Provide some advice for the readers.

   C. Add some background information.        

   D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.

2. What can be a suitable title for the text?    

   A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart        

   B. Balancing Our Daily Diet

   C. Making Yourself a Perfect Chef    

   D. Cooking Well for Less

如果没有看懂文章的结构，只看题目从文本中找，信息多不好找，可能会有一些徘徊。但是如果脑中有一个思维导图，把结构画出来，就很容易清晰地呈现在面前。也就不难推断出答案分别为C和D。

从以上三种结构中看阅读理解，我们可以通过阅读对写作有了一定的启发。在熟知的阅读领域，我们从中反思在日常学习教学中的阅读过程。当老师教授学生阅读时，除了文章本身的字词知识点，我们也要关注文章的整体脉络结构，学以致用。