简介：Effectsofnon-ionicpolyacrylamide(PAM),anionicpolyacrylamide(PHP),cationicpolyacrylamide(PCAM),non-ionicpolyvinylalcohol(PVA),anionichydrolyzedpolyacrylonitrile(HPAN)andpolyethleneoxide(PEO)onthephysicalpropertiesofthreedifferentsoilstpeswerestudied.contentofwater-stableaggregateslargerthan0.25mmincreasedtovaryingextentsfordifferentsoilsandsoilconditioners,Amongthesixkindsofcondiftioners,non-ionicpolyacrylamide(PAM)wasthemosteffectiveforredsoilwhilepolyethyleneoxide(PEO)theleasteffectiveforChaosoil,redsoilandyellow-brownsoil.Water-stableaggregateswiththemolecularweightofPEOwithinacertainrange.OnlyevaporationrateofChaosoildecreasedafteraplicationofPAMandHPANtoChaosoilandredsoil.

简介：CorrelationandpathanalysismethodswereusedtostudytherelationshipbetweensoilpropertiesandthedistributionofdifferentsoilHgfractionswithninerepresentativesoilsfromChongqing,China.Resultsshowedthatclay(＜2m)couldincreasewater-solubleHg(r=0.700*).Soilorganicmatter(OM)couldenhancetheincreaseofelementalHg(r=0.674*).Thehigherthebasesaturationpercentage(BSP),themoretheresidualHg(r=0.684*).OrganicHg,thesumofacid-solubleorganicHg.andalkali-solubleHg,waspositivelyaffectedbysilt(2～20μm)butnegativelyaffectedbypH,withthedirectpathcoefficientsamountingto1.0487and0.5121,respectively.ThepositiveeffectofOMandnegativeeffectofBSPonorganicHgwerethemostsignificant,withthedirectpathcoefficientsbeing0.7614and-0.8527,respectively.Theindirecteffectofclay(＜2μm)viaBSP(pathcoefficient=0.4186)wasthehighest,showingthattherealinfluencingfactorintheeffectofclay(＜2μm)onacid-solubleorganicHgwasBSP.SincetheavailableHgfraction,water-solubleHg,waspositivelyaffectedbysoilclaycontent,andthequiteimmobileandnotbioavailableresidualHgbysoilBSP,suitablereductionofclaycontentandincreaseofBSPwouldbeofmuchhelptoreducetheHgavailabilityandHgactivityinHg-contaminatedsoils.

简介：Thisstudywasdesignedtounderstandtheimpactofmethylbromide(MB)(CH3Br)anditsalternativesonbothfree-livingandroot-knotnematodesinthesoil.Arandomizedcompleteblockexperimentwithsixtreatmentsand4replicates(eachreplicateinaseparategreenhouse)wasestablishedinQingzhou,ShandongProvince,China.InadditiontoMBanduntreatedcontrol(CK)treatmentstherewerefouralternativesoilfumigationpracticesincludingMB+virtuallyimpermeablefilms(VIF),metamsodium(MS),MS+VIFandsoilsolarizationcombinedwithselectedbiologicalcontrolagents(SS+BCA).Twotomato(LycopersicumesculentumMill.)cultivars,cv.Maofen-802fromtheXianInstituteofVegetableScience,China,andcv.AF179BrillantefromtheIsraeliHazeraQualitySeeds,wereselectedastestcrops.TheresultsindicatedthatRhabditidaewasthemostdominantpopulationwithpercentageabundanceashighas85%ofthetotalnumberofidentifiedfree-livingnematodes,followedbythatofCephalobidae.Methylbromideanditsalternativesexceptforthenon-chemicalSS+BCAtreatmentcontrolledthetargetpest,root-knotnematodes.Also,theimpactofthethreechemicalalternativesonfree-livingnematodenumberandfunctionalgroupabundancewassimilartotheimpactassociatedwithatypicalmethylbromideapplication.Chemicalfumigationpractices,especiallythatwithMB,significantlyreducedthenumberofnematodesinthesoilandsimultaneouslysignificantlyreducedthenumberofnematodegeneratherebyreducingnematodediversity.Allthefoursoilchemicalfumigationactivitiesdecreasedsoilmicrobialbiomassandhadanobviousinitialimpactonmicroorganismbiomass.Furthermore,bothplant-parasiticandfungivorenematodeswerepositivelycorrelatedwithsoilmicrobialbiomass.

简介：为高度产生降级的土壤的可持续性的一个重要因素是监视即时并且写实地反映不同收割系统在土壤上强加的变化的工具的使用。为了选择，在甘蔗(SaccharumofficinarumL.)玷污优秀指示物变量在管理辨别完成敏感的标准到管理惯例和在季节之间一致性的生产区域，十件合成土壤样品(010厘米)在器官的甘蔗(OS)的耕作下面从区域在2006年3月(旱季)在2005年7月(雨季)并且再被收集，绿甘蔗(GS)，烧的甘蔗(BS)并且从一个邻近的本国的森林(NF)在UsinaTriunfo的区域，BocadaMata，Alagoas，巴西。微生物引起的biomass-C(MBC)，全部的器官的C(TOC)，表示为水解作用，水马厩土壤总数(MWD)的吝啬的重量直径，和水马厩宏的百分比聚集的荧光黄diacetate(食物及药品管理局)(PWSA)的率的土壤酶活动被分析。尽管MBC和TOC比在栽培区域在NF是更高的，没有差别在在三个甘蔗系统之间的这些C水池被观察。到地点管理的食物及药品管理局的反应依赖于采样时间。在多雨的时期，这项活动跟随了顺序：NF>OS>GS>BS在旱季，仅仅NF不同于另外的处理。不管采样时间，MWD和PWSA在顺序NF减少了>OS=GS>BS。变量MWD和PWSA为不管怎样在地点管理历史之间区别是相当敏感的采样季节。

简介：从最近在中国的香港以传统的方式进行的土壤调查基于遗产土壤数据，印射方法的数字土壤被使用为香港的山区生产土壤订购信息。二建模方法(决定树分析和线性判别式分析)被使用，并且他们的应用被比较。更多努力被放在为当模特儿选择土壤covariates上。首先，变化(ANOVA)的分析被用来测试在土壤订单之间的地面属性的变化。然后，一个逐步的过程被用来为线性判别式分析选择土壤covariates，并且一个向后的搬迁过程被开发为树建模选择土壤covariates。同时，印射的土壤上的ANOVA结果，以及我们的知识和经验，也为为树建模选择土壤covariates被考虑。二个线性判别式模型和四个树模型最后被建立，并且他们的预言表演用一条多重jackknifing途径被验证。结果证明在ANOVA结果上造的判别式模型最好表演了，由造由的判别式模型列在后面逐步，树模型由向后的搬迁过程，在印射的土壤上根据知识和经验造的树模型，和树造了自动地造的模型。结果强调了在为印射的土壤当模特儿选择土壤covariates的重要性，并且建议了在这研究使用选择土壤covariates的方法的实用性。最好的判别式模型最后被选择为这个区域印射土壤订单，并且确认结果显示出有的那张因此生产的土壤顺序地图高精确性。

简介：composted污水污泥(CS)并且热地的年度增加的效果在80t弄干污水污泥(TS)哈?1在半干旱的条件下面在一个地实验在土壤化学药品性质上被调查三年。腐殖的酸()从CS，TS，和unamended由常规过程孤立(那么)并且污泥修改了土壤被分析为元素(C，H，N，S和O)并且酸的功能的组(羧基、酉分)并且由紫外可见，红外线的Fourier变换和荧光光谱学。关于CS，TS有内容，更大的干燥的事，全部的器官的C，全部的N和C/N比率和更小的灰满足的类似的pH和全部的P和K和电的电导率。有CS和TS的改正在土壤性质导致了很多修正，包括pH，电的传导性，全部的器官的C，全部的N，和可得到的P的增加。CS--哈有的更大的O，全部的酸味，carboxyl，并且酉分哦比TS组织内容和H内容--哈。CS--哈并且TS--哈有的更大的N和S内容，更小的C，O和酸的功能的组内容，和更低的芳香的polycondensation和humification度比那么--哈。修改土壤--显示出C，H，N和比大的S内容那么--哈，建议污泥有部分被合并到土壤。这些效果与增加污泥应用的数字是更明显的。

简介：Apotexperimentwasconductedtoinvestigatetheeffectsofvarioussoiltreatmentsonthegrowthofvetivergrass(Vetiveriazizanioides(L.)Nash)withtheobjectiveofformulatingappropriatesoilmediaforuseinsulfide-bearingminedareas.Anacidicminesiteacidsulfatesoil(pH2.8)wastreatedwithdifferentsoilconditionerformulaincludinghydratedlime,redmud(bauxiteresidues),zeoliticrockpowder,biosolidsandacompoundfertilizer.Soilstreatedwithredmudandhydratedlimecorrectedsoilacidityandreducedoreliminatedmetaltoxicityenablingtheestablishmentofvetivergrass.Althoughover-limingaffectedgrowth,someseedlingsofvetiversurvivedtheinitialstrongalkalineconditions.Additionofappropriateamountsofzeoliticrockpowderalsoenhancedgrowth,butover-applicationcauseddetrimentaleffects.Inthisexperiment,soilmediumwiththebestgrowthperformanceofvetiverwas50gofredmud,10goflime,30gofzeoliticrockpowderand30gofbiosolidswith2000gofminesoils(100%survivalratewiththegreatestbiomassandnumberofnewshoots),butaddingachemicalfertilizertothismediaadverselyimpactedplantgrowth.Inaddition,ahighapplicationrateofbiosolidsresultedinpoorergrowthofvetiver,comparedtoamoderateapplicationrate.

简介：Byusingnutritionaldiagnosisofcitrusleavesanddeterminingsoilmicronutrients,therelationshipbetweensoilmicronutrientsandcitrusgrowthinsouthernChinahasbeenstudied.Studiesshowedthattherewasasignificantpositivecorrelationbetweenavailablemicronutrients(suchasZn,Mo,Cu)inthesoilandthecorrespondingnutrientsincitrusleaves.Thus,onecanroughlylearnofthesufficiencyordeficiencyofcertainnutrientsinsoilsbyanalyzingcitrusleaves.RationalsprayofZnBorMofertilizernotonlyimprovedcitrusyieldsbutalsoincreasedthetotalsugarofSatsumamandarinandofXinhuiorangeby2.9and17.2%respectivelycomparedwiththecontrol.SprayingMofertilizerincreasedthevitaminCcontentofSatsumamandarinjuiceby4.7%-8.4%,maturatedfruits7-10daysearlierandgavethepeelabrightercolor.TheultramicroscopiccharacteristicsofZn-deficientcitrusleaveswereinvestigatedunderanelectronmicroscope.ResultsshowedthattheZn-deficientleafcellwascharacterizedmainlybypoorcytoplasm,endoplasmicreticulaandribosomesandbybigstarchgrainsinthechloroplast.AsaresultofsprayingZnfertilizerthestructureofthecellreturnedtonormal,thecytoplasmbecamerichandtheamountofchloroplastincreased.Therealsoappearedagreatdealofmultiformendoplasmicreticula,thuspromotingthephotosynthesisofZn-deficientplants.Thisprovidesacytologico-theoreticalbasisforfertilizationofhigh-yieldingcitrustrees.

简介：在中国的黄土高原上，干燥土壤层可以由于过量蒸发形成，导致蝗虫(Robiniapseudoacacia)承受的黑色的降级。为了更好设法，预测包含黑蝗虫，这研究被打算调查黑蝗虫蒸发率的反应玷污在黄土高原上用二代表性的土壤(卢拇的泥土和沙的沃土)由气象学的因素影响了的水可获得性。四个土壤水内容为在开始户外的壶然后在一个控制气候的房间种的黑蝗虫幼苗被维持，由弄干或灌溉壶。在两环境，每日的蒸发率被力量功能与空气温度并且由逻辑功能有关引用土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量(et0)。蒸发率比在卢拇的黏土更产生处于在沙的沃土的气象学的条件的变化。在浇得好的处理的蒸发率为比在卢拇的黏土在沙的沃土种的黑蝗虫是更大的。规范的蒸发率由et0是未受影响的直到土壤水内容的批评价值(c)被达到；c价值为卢拇的黏土显著地减少了，但是当et0增加了时，为沙的沃土土壤显著地增加了。这些建议黑蝗虫的蒸发特征上的气象学的条件的效果依赖于土壤质地。

简介：A15-yearfertilizationexperimentwithdifferentapplicationsofinorganicN,PandKfertilizersandfarmyardmanure(M)wasconductedtostudytheyieldandsoilresponsestolong-termfertilizationatQiyang,HunanProvince,China.Averagegrainyieldsofwheatandcorn(1672and5111kgha-1,respectively)forthetreatmentNPKMweresignificantlyhigherthanthose(405and310kgha-1)oftheunfertilizedcontrolandsingleinorganicfertilizertreatments.Comparedwiththecorrespondinginitialvaluesoftheexperiment,alltreatmentsshowedayielddeclineof9to111kgha-1year-1inwheatand35to260kgha-1year-1incorn,respectively,andasignificantpHdeclineof0.07to0.12pHyear?1,exceptforthetreatmentsPKandNPKM.Afterlong-termfertilization,thesoilorganicC,soilavailableP,exchangeableCa2+andMg2+andavailableCu2+andZn2+contentswerehigherinthetreatmentNPKMthaninthetreatmentsappliedwithinorganicfertilizeronly.ComparedtothetreatmentNPK,thetreatmentNPKM,wheremanurepartiallyreplacedinorganicN,hadapositiveimpactonarrestingthedeclineofsoilpH.Thisimprovedgrainyieldsofwheatandcorn,suggestingthatapplicationofNPKfertilizerincombinationwithfarmyardmanureisimportanttomaintainsoilfertilityandbufferingcapacityinredsoil.

简介：DNAisthegeneticmaterialofvariousorganisms.ExtracellularDNAadsorbedorboundonsurface-activeparticlesinsoilshasbeenshowntopersistforlongperiodsagainstnucleasesdegradationandstillretaintheabilitytotransformcompetentcells.ThispaperreviewssomerecentadvancesonthebindingandtransformationofextracellularDNAinsoils,whichisfundamentaltounderstandingthenatureofthesoil,regulatingbiodiversity,andassessingtheriskofreleasinggeneticallyengineeredmicroorganisms(GEMs)aswellasbeinghelpfulfordevelopmentofthegeneticevolutionaltheoryofbacteria.Severalinfluencingfactors,suchassoilpH,ionicstrength,soilsurfaceproperties,andcharacteristicsoftheDNApolymer,arediscussed.Todate,theunderstandingofthetypeofmolecularbindingsitesandtheconformationofadsorbedandboundDNAtosoilparticlesisstillinitsinfancy.

简介：

简介：Soilwaterisoneofrenewablewaterresources.Somepropertiesofsoilwaterconcerningwithitsavailabilitytoplantarebrieflydescribed.Anequationforestimatingtheamountofsoilwaterresourceispresented.Basedontheevaporationdemandofatmosphere,theevaluationcoefficientforsoilwaterresourceissuggested.

简介：Sorptionofacetanilideherbicides,metolachlor,acetochlor,pretilachlorandbutachloroneightsoilswithvariousphysicalandchemicalpropertieswasstudied,TheadsporptionisothermscouldfitFreundlichequationwell(r^2≥0.91)andtheadsorptionextentsincreasedintheorder:metolachlor

简介：与一个改编微生物引起的社区接种土壤比有在bioremediation的纯紧张的接种是一条更有效的bioaugmentation途径。然而，从有在土壤补习改变污染层次和污染历史的地点的不同inocula的潜力的信息正在缺乏。学习的目的是在土壤inocula调查改编微生物的潜力，与不同污染层次和污染历史，到降级1,2,4-trichlorobenzene(1,2,4-TCB)。从污染chlorobenzene的地点的三不同土壤被接种进农业土壤和与1,2,4-TCB刺的土壤暂停文化。结果证明36.52%开始应用的1,2,4-TCB在非接种的土壤是在场的，而大约19.00%1,2,4-TCB在在28天孵化以后与污染土壤接种的农业土壤是在场的。与改编微生物引起的生物资源接种的土壤(在土壤inocula)比非接种的土壤显示出更高的呼吸和更低的1,2,4-TCB挥发，建议1,2,4-TCB的存在在为接种使用的污染土壤改编了degraders。它进一步在污染土壤暂停文化被证实无机的氯化物离子的集中在全部试验性的时期上连续地增加了。更高的降级潜力带到不仅而且到更高的残余形成的inocula的更高的污染。然而，甚至低级污染的inocula在提高1,2,4-TCB的降级是有效的。因此，适用改编了在土壤形式的微生物特别与更低的污染层次，inocula能是为土壤补习的有效、环境友好的策略。

简介：Integrationofsoilinformationsystem(SIS)andinteractiveself-organizingdata(ISODATA)wasstudiedtoestablishproperagriculturaldevelopingzonesinredsoilregionofsouthernChinawhichareofcrucialimportancetofarmers,researchers,anddecisionmaderswhileutilizingandmanagingredsoilresources.SIScreatedbyusingARC/INFOwasusedtoprovidedataacquisition,systematicmodelparameterassignment,andvisualdisplayofanalyticresults.Topography,temperature,soilcomponent(e.g.,organicmatterandpH)andconditionofagriculturalproductionwereselectedasparametersofISODATAmodel.TakingLongyouCounty,ZhejiangProvinceasthecasestudyarea,theeffectoftheintegrationandrecommendationsarediscussedforfutureresearch.

简介：在农业土地支持土壤碳隐遁是可行策略之一速度观察气候变化。然而，玷污物理骚乱由加速侵蚀加重了土壤降级过程。因此，减少通过适当farming/agricultural系统的物理骚乱是的土壤的大小和紧张对农业陆地的土壤碳水池能力的管理必要。不同土地的四个地点使用类型/耕种惯例，我)到没有为止(NT)玉米(ZeamaysL.)(NTC)，ii)到为止常规(CT)玉米(CTC)，iii)pastureland(PL)，和iv)本国的森林(NF)，在北方Appalachian试验性的分水岭车站，包括水马厩聚集在土壤总数索引上估计NT耕作的影响的美国俄亥俄，吝啬的重量直径(MWD)和几何平均数被选择直径(GMD)，和土壤器官的碳和全部的氮内容。收到的NTC阴谋恐吓粪肥增加(大约15t哈1)每隔一年。CTC阴谋包含了耕作的disking和凿子和液体化肥申请(110L哈1)。结果证明水马厩聚集和MWD比为CTC在为NTC的土壤是更大的。在0-10厘米土壤层，>4.75公里尺寸部分统治了NTC并且而在不同地点之中的1)跟随了NF的趋势，为CTC多于那是46%>PL>NTC>CTC，为在CTC上的NTC更是35%-46%。NT实践提高了在CT实践上并且这样的器官的碳内容是的土壤在农田的碳隐遁的重要策略玷污。

简介：Thelowremovaleffciencyoftotalnitrogen(TN)isoneofthemaindisadvantagesoftraditionalsinglestagesubsurfaceinfiltrationsystem,whichcombinesananaerobictankandasoilfilterfield.Inthisstudy,afull-scale,two-stageanaerobictankandsoiltrenchsystemwasdesignedandoperatedtoevaluatethefeasibilityandperformancesintreatingsewagefromaschoolcampusforoveraone-yearmonitoringperiod.Therawsewagewaspreparedandfedintothefirstanaerobictankandsecondtankby60%and40%,respectively.Thisnovelprocesscoulddecreasechemicaloxygendemandwiththedichromatemethodby89%-96%,suspendedsolidsby91%-97%,andtotalphosphorusby91%-97%.Thedenitrificationwassatisfactoryinthesecondstagesoiltrench,sotheremovalsofTNaswellasammonianitrogen(NH+4-N)reached68%-75%and96%-99%,respectively.ItappearedthattheremovaleffciencyofTNinthistwo-stageanaerobictankandsoiltrenchsystemwasmoreeffectivethanthatinthesinglestagesoilinfiltrationsystem.Theeffuentmetthedischargestandardforthesewagetreatmentplant(GB18918-2002)ofChina.

简介：在土壤的芳香的混合物(交流)能为土壤NH3氧化导致竞争抑制，并且氮的硝化作用禁止者能习惯于这个目的。一个实验室孵化实验与12nitroaromatic混合物(NAC)被执行，15amidoaromatic混合物(AAC)和20hydroxyaromatic混合物(HAC)到在土壤上估计交流的禁止的效果氮的硝化作用。把结果基于这些，交流的批评、最佳的集中为更好禁止的效果被决定。大多数测试交流能禁止土壤氮的硝化作用；有效性与土壤类型不同。在交流之中，有m-nitryl的NAC，氨基或与芳香的戒指上或与p氢氧根的一个nitro组或一个氯原子一起的氢氧根和AAC是更有效的。3硝基苯胺，4-aminophenol和3-nitrophenol作为氮的硝化作用禁止者显示出最大的潜力。在棕色的土壤和黄棕色土壤的这些混合物的批评集中被发现是0.5mgkg?1土壤。由于交流的毒性，致癌性和mutagenicity，进一步毒物学并且在交流在农业、园艺的惯例被用作氮的硝化作用禁止者以前，ecotoxicological研究是必要的。

简介：Amodelforsimulatingcadmiumtransportinasoil-plantsystemwasbuiltusingacommercialsimulatingprogramnamedPowersimonthebasisofinput-outputprocesseshappeninginthesoil-plantsystem.COnvectiveanddispersivetransportprocessesofcadmiuminsoilprofileareembedded.Simulationsonadailybasehavebeendoneuptoatotalsimulatingtimeof250years,Resultsshowthatapplicationsofsewagesludgeandfertilizeratthesimulatedrateswouldonlycauseslightcadmiumaccumulationsineachlayerofthesoil,andcadmiumaccumulationwouldbelevellingoff,reachinganequilibriumconcentrationslayerbylayerdownwardaftercertaintime.Thetimescaletoreachanequilibriumconcentrationvariesfrom10yearsforthetopthreelayerstoover250yearsforthebottomlayers.Plantcadmiumuptakewouldincreasefrom52umm^-2underinitialsoilcadmiumconcentrationsto65ugm^-2underequilibriumsoilcadmiumconcentrations,whichwouldnotexceedthemaximumallowablecadmiumconcentrationinwheatgrains.Mainparameterswhichinfluencecadmiumaccumulationandtransportinsoilaretotalcadmiuminput,rainfall,evaporation,plantuptakeandsoilproperties.