简介：AbstractBackground and objective:The size of the cochlea varies a lot among the human population bringing the necessity for electrode arrays to be available in various lengths irrespective of the cochlear implant (CI) brand. This research software helps in the estimation of the patient’s cochlear duct length (CDL) which is then used for the simulation of the correct length electrode array matching the patient’s cochlear size and as well in getting the patient specific cochlear frequency map.Methods:Visual Studio Express 2012 for Windows Desktop is used in the architecture of this research software. The basal turn diameter of the cochlea ( "A" value) needs to be measured from the pre-operative computed tomography (CT) image of the patient’s temporal bone. This "A" will be taken as the input for the CDL equations proposed by Alexiades et al for estimating the CDL along the basilar membrane for various insertion depths. Greenwood’s equation is then used in combination with the CDL for the full length of the cochlea in getting the patient specific frequency map.Results:The research software with the help of the "A" value as input, with few button clicks, gives the patient specific CDL for various insertion depths and the Greenwood’s frequency map. The users have the choice to select any electrode array of their choice and place it under the frequency map to see how good it fits to that particular patient’s cochlea. Also, given the possibility to drag and move the electrode array picture to mimic the post-operative actual electrode insertion depth.Conclusions:This research software simplifies the overall process of CDL estimation and in getting the patient specific cochlear frequency map. The clinicians get the chance to simulate placing the various electrode array lengths in patient cochlea in identifying the best fit electrode. This could help in pushing the CI field into the concept of individualized CI electrode array solution that ultimately benefits the patients.

简介：你知道一个人在什么时候生长速度快?什么时候停止生长?在早晨还是晚上高?

简介：HowcanteachersteachEnglishwritingeffectively?Andhowcanstudentslearntowriteessayscorrectly?TheseseemtobetwopuzzlingproblemsforChineseteachersandlearners.Thispaperaimstointroduceanewteachingapproach:theLengthApproach,anddiscussesitsmerits.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatenasolacrimalduct(NLD)volumeinKoreanpatientsandtoexaminethecorrelationbetweenNLDvolumeandobstruction.METHODS:OfpatientswhounderwentorbitalcomputedtomographyfromMarch2013toJanuary2016,patientsdiagnosedwithNLDobstructionwereclassifiedintothepatientgroupandpatientswithoutobstructionwereclassifiedintothecontrolgroup.TheNLDvolumewasmeasuredusingtheImageJprogram,whichshowedtheNLDinaxial,coronal,andsagittalimagesoncomputedtomography.RESULTS:Theaveragevalueofmen’sNLDvolume,265.33±90.57mm^3,wassignificantlylargerthanwomen’s,211.87±68.61mm^3(P=0.009).Inthepatientgroup,theNLDvolumeoftheobstructedeyes,242.49±82.93mm3,andthenon-obstructedeyes,225.20±73.20mm3,weresignificantlyhigherthanthecontrolgroup,217.61±82.04mm^3(P<0.001,P<0.001).CONCLUSION:TheNLDvolumeislargerinmenthaninwomeninKoreanadults.IfthereisNLDobstructioninwomen,theNLDvolumeislargeranditisjudgedthatinflammatoryreactioncausedachronicchangeinthebonearoundtheNLDandaffectthemeasurementofNLDvolume.

简介：Currently,mostpeoplewithmodernmultichannelcochlearimplantsystemscanunderstandspeechinqui-etenvironmentverywell.However,studiesinrecentdecadesreportedalackofsatisfactioninmusicpercep-tionwithcochlearimplants.Thisarticlereviewstheliteratureonmusicabilityofcochlearimplantusersbypresentingasystematicoutlineofthecapabilitiesandlimitationsofcochlearimplantrecipientswithregardtotheirmusicperceptionaswellasproduction.Thereviewalsoevaluatesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbe-tweenelectrichearingandacoustichearingregardingmusicperception.Wesummarizetheresearchresultsintermsoftheindividualcomponentsofmusic(e.g.,rhythm,pitch,andtimbre).Finally,webrieflyintro-ducethevocalsingingofprelingually-deafenedchildrenwithcochlearimplantsasevaluatedbyacousticmeasures.

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简介：背景：训练的整个身体颤动(WBV)出现到豆子为在更老的个人训练的常规抵抗的有效选择。到目前为止，没有数据在心和肺的健康上关于振动效果存在。目的：这随机的ised控制了估计的试用在超过60岁的社区住所成年人在心和肺的健康和肌肉力量上训练的1年的WBV的效果。方法：220个成年人的一个总数(意味着年龄67.1年)随机被分到一个WBV组，健康组或控制组。在一个颤动平台上行使的TheWBV组，和健康组表演了心血管，抵抗，平衡和拉长的锻练。控制组没参予任何训练。心率在一个单个WBV会议期间被测量。山峰氧举起(VO2peak)和time-to-peak锻练(TPE)在进步自行车ergometry期间被测量。肌肉力量被一个测力计估计。结果：心率在WBV训练期间显著地增加了。在1年以后，VO2peak,TPE和肌肉力量在WBV和健康组显著地增加了。两个都训练的组在VO2peak和肌肉力量同样改善了。健康组比WBV组在TPE更显著地改善了。结论：WBV在社区住所训练老看起来有效改进心和肺的健康和肌肉力量。

简介：FromJune,1986toJune1989,24casesofhilarbileductcarcinomawereexploredintheSurgicalDepartmentofGeneralHospitalofPLA,16/24caseswereresected,aresectabilityrateof66%.Theincreaseofresectabilityratewasduetoearlierrecognitionofthisconditionandtheextensionofsurgery,includingmajorresectionofliveraswellasradicaldissectionofthehepato-duodenalligamentandrepairativeoperationsonthebloodvessels.Amongthese16cases,majorhepaticresectionwasperformedin10cases,inwhich,3casesofresectionsofthemiddlelobeoftheliverweredoneinsteadofrightorextendedrightlobectomy.Nooperativemortalityinthe30days’postoperativeperiod,butthepostoperativemorbidityratewasstillhighandmostofthecomplicationswererelatedtobiliaryleakageandinfection.Threepatientsdiedinthefollowupperiodat6,14and15monthsrespectively.Allofthemdiedfrombiliaryinfection.Theremaining13patientswerestillalive,thelongestbein

简介：Geneticdefectsareoneofthemostimportantetiologiesofseveretoprofoundsensorineuralhearinglossandplayanimportantroleindeterminingcochlearimplantationoutcomes.Whilethepathogenicmutationtypesofanumberofdeafnessgeneshavebeencloned,thepathogenesismechanismsandtheirrelationshiptotheoutcomesofcochlearimplantationremainahotresearcharea.Theauditoryperformanceisconsideredtobeaffectedbytheetiologyofhearinglossandthenumberofsurvivingspiralganglioncells,aswellasothers.Currentresearchadvancesincochlearimplantationforhereditarydeafness,especiallytherelationshipamongclinic-types,genotypesandoutcomesofcochlearimplantation,willbediscussedinthisreview.

简介：ＭｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔｆｏｒＥｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌＬｅｎｇｔｈｏｆＣａｂｌｅｓ￥ＬｉＪｉ；ＺｈｅｎｇＪｉａｎｈｕａ；ＹｅＦｅｎｇａｎｄＣｈｕＺｈｅｎｇｓｈｅｎｇＩｔｉｓｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｏｍａｔｃｈｃａｂｌｅｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌｌｅｎｇｔｈｉｎｔｈｅ...

简介：Forgivendata(ti,yi),I=0,1,…,n,0=t0＜t1＜…＜tn=1westudyconstrainedinterpolationproblemofFavardtypeinf{‖f'‖∞|f∈W2∞[0,1],f(ti)=yi,i=0,…,n,l(f;[0,1])≤l0},wherel(f';[0,1])=∫10/1+f'2(x)dxisthearclengthoffin[0,1].Weprovetheexistenceofasolutionf*oftheaboveproblem,thatisaquadraticsplinewithasecondderivativef'*,whichcoincideswithoneoftheconstants-‖f'*‖∞,0,‖f'*‖∞betweeneverytwoconsecutiveknots.Thus,weextendaresultofKarlinconcerningFavardproblem,tothecaseofrestrictedlengthinterpolation.

简介：One-dimensionalanalyticaltheoryisdevelopedforsupersonicductflowwithvariationofcrosssection,wallfriction,heataddition,andrelationsbetweentheinletandoutletflowparametersareobtained.Byintroducingaselfsimilarparameter,effectsofheatreleasing,wallfriction,andchangeincrosssectionareaontheflowcanbenormalizedandaself-similarsolutionoftheflowequationscanbefound.Basedontheresultofself-similarsolution,thesufficientandnecessaryconditionfortheoccurrenceofthermalchokingisderived.Arelationofthemaximumheatadditionleadingtothermalchokingoftheductflowisderivedasfunctionsofarearatio,wallfriction,andmassaddition,whichisanextensionoftheclassicRayleighflowtheory,wheretheeffectsofwallfrictionandmassadditionarenotconsidered.Thepresentworkisexpectedtoprovidefundamentalsfordevelopinganintegralanalyticaltheoryforramjetsandscramjets.

简介：Thechangesofthedevelopingturbulentflowcharacteristicsincurvedductafteraddingabafflearestudiednumericallyatthebody-fittedcoordinates.ak-εmodelisusedtorepresenttheturbulence.acurvedductofrectangularcross-sectioniscomputedfirstly,ithasbeenobservedthatthepredictionsusingtheprocedureagreeverysatisfactorywiththeexperimentaldata.Then,twokindsofsquareductsarestudied,oneisnormalcurvedduct,theotherisaductwithabaffle.Thecomputationalresultsarepresentedandcomparedtoeachother,inordertodisplaythechangesoftheflowafteraddingabaffleincurvedducts.Thesecondaryflowinaductwithabaffleischaracterizedbyfour-vorticesstructurewiththeoutertwobiggerthantheinnertwo.Besides,comparedwiththeductwithoutabaffle,theintensityofthesecondaryflowsisreduced,whichresultsintheflowfieldofthecross-sectionmuchmoreequableandhasmuchmoresignificantmeaningintheengineering.

简介：Diabetesmellitus(DM)isachronicsystemicdiseasecharacterizedbyhyperglycemia,withvariouspatho-genicmechanisms.Fromabsoluteorrelativeinsulindeficiency,patientswithDMoftendemonstratevari-ouslevelsofmetabolicdisorders.MajorclinicalmanifestationsofDMincludemetabolicdisorders,vascu-larlesions,circulatorydisturbancesandneurologiccomplications.AlongwithadvancesinDMresearch,re-portsofDMrelatedtinnitusandhearingimpairmenthaveincreasedcontinuously.ResearchonDMrelatedauditorysystemdysfunctionhasfocusedoncochlearmicrocirculation,cellularhomeostasis,geneticsandag-ing.Cochlearmicrocirculationplaysanimportantroleincochlearphysiologyanditsdisordersareassociat-edwithmanyinnereardiseases.Ischemiaandsubsequentreperfusionseenincochlearmicrocirculationdis-ordersareimportantfactorsinhearingdamage.UnderstandingcochlearmicrocirculationandstructuralaswellasfunctionalchangesinDMpatientswithhearinglossandtheircausalfactorswillhelprevealpatho-genicmechanismsindiabetichearinglossandprovidenewideasindevelopinginterventionsandpreventingdamagescausedbydiabetes.

简介：ObjectiveSinceHelms'successfulbilateralcochlearimplantationwithgoodresultsin1996,therehavebeenincreasingnumberofreportsonbilateralcochlearimplantation.Mostseconddevicehavebeenimplantatedwithinoneyearafterthefirst.Consideringeffectsoflongtimeauditorydeprivation,itisnotclearwhetheradelayedsecondcochlearimplantservestoaddadditionalbenefitsandhowitmayinteractwithcentralnervoussystemplasticity.MethodsThreecaseswhoreceiveddelayedsecondcochlearimplantsatPeople'sHospitalofPekingUniversityfrom2002to2005werereviewed.Theintervalbetweenthefirstandsecondimplantswaslongerthan2yearsinallthreepatients.Soundperception,andunilateral/bilateralspeechdiscriminationinquietandnoisewereevaluated.Inaddition,GAPdetectiontestwasconductedinonepatient.ResultsInonecase,havingbothimplantsonprovidedimprovedperformancecomparedtousingonlyoneimplantbothinquietandnoise.Presumablyduetovisualinterferencefromlip-readingorshortintervalbetweensecondimplantandtesting,onepatientshowednoimprovementfromusingthesecondimplanteitherinquietornoise,whilethelastcasedemonstratedadditionalbenefitsfromthesecondimplantonlyinquiet.Inallthreepatients,performanceinrecognizingthefourtonesinMandarinwassuperioroverwordrecognition.ConclusionsConsiderableplasticityinthecerebralauditorycenterispreserved,despitelongacousticdeprivationinsomechildrenwhohavereceivedunilateralcochlearimplant.Delayedsecondimplantscanresultinsignificantimprovementsinsomeofthesechildren.Visualinterferencefromlip-readingmaybeanobstacleduringretraining.ThebetterrecognitionoftonesintheMandarinlanguagemayrepresentadifferentsounddiscriminationmechanismintheauditorysystem,althoughitmayalsoberelatedtothesignalprocessingmechanismsoftheimplantused(MED-ELCOMBI40+).

简介：ObjectiveTostudytheauditionandinnerearstructureinanormalswinemodel.MethodsAuditorybrainstemresponses(ABRs)weredeterminedinswineat1dayand1monthafterbirth.Theformofthecochleaandhaircellswereexaminedunderascanningelectronmicroscopeandoncochlearslices.ResultsABRthresholdsat1dayand1monthpost-birthwerebetween40and50dBSPL.ThelatenciesofwavesI,IIIandVin1dayoldswinewere1.97±0.13,3.01±0.16and4.26±0.20ms,respectively.At1month,thelantanciesofwavesI,IIIandVwere2.01±0.05,3.11±0.08and4.65±0.14ms,respectively,slightlylongerthanthoseat1day,althoughnotstatisticallysignificant(p>0.05).Theswinecochleawasconstitutedof3andahalfturnsandthecochlearhaircellslinedupinfourrows.Haircellciliaintheapicalturnwerelongerthanthoseinotherturns.ConclusionsTheswinecochleaismatureatthetimeofbirth.SwineABRthresholdsareslightlyhigherthanhumansandrats.Swineappearstobeaprecocialanimalspecies.

简介：Thefullydevelopedslipflowinanannularsectorductissolvedbyexpansionsofeigenfunctionsintheradialdirectionandboundarycollocationonthestraightsides.Themethodisefficientandaccurate.Theflowfieldforslipflowdiffersmuchfromthatofno-slipflow.ThePoiseuillenumberincreaseswithincreasedinnerradius,openingangle,anddecreaseswithslip.

简介：ThesupersonicductflowwithfixedbackpressuretostagnationpressureratioPb/P0underheatingisinvestigatedanalytically.A“FlowPatternDiagram”Whichconsistsofsixpatternzonesisdeveloped.BythisdiagramtheactualflowstateinsupersonicductflowsystemcanbedeterminedconvenientlywhenPb/Poandheatingintensityareknows.Itisimpossibleforflowwithheavyheatingtobecomesupersonic,eventhoughthepressureratioismuchsmallerthanthecriticalpressureratio,Basedontheanalogybetweenviscouseffectandheatingeffectathermaldragfactorhaseendefined.whichcanpredicttheflowpropertyvariationduetoheatingandtherelaiveimportanceofviscouseffectandheatingeffect.

简介：Mefloquineisawidelyusedanti-malarialdrug.Someclinicalreportssuggestthatmefloquinemaybeototoxicandneurotoxic,butthereislittlescientificevidencefromwhichtodrawanyfirmconclusion.Toevaluatetheototoxicandneurotoxicpotentialofmefloquine,wetreatedcochlearorganotypicculturesandspiralganglioncultureswithvariousconcentrationsofmefloquine.Mefloquinecausedadose-dependentlossofcochlearhaircellsatdosesexceeding0.01mM.Haircelllossprogressedfrombasetoapexandfromoutertoinnerhaircellswithincreasingdose.Spiralganglionneuronsandauditorynervefiberswerealsorapidlydestroyedbymefloquineinadose-dependentmanner.Toinvestigatethemechanismsunderlyingmefloquine-inducedcelldeath,cochlearcultureswerestainedwithTO-Pro-3toidentifymorphologicalchangesinthenucleus,andwithcarboxyfluoresceinFAM-labeledcaspaseinhibitor8,9or3todeterminecaspase-mediatedcelldeath.TO-Pro-3-labelednucleiinhaircells,spiralganglionneuronsandsupportingcellswereshrunkenorfragmented,morphologicalfeaturescharacteristicofcellsundergoingapoptosis.Bothinitiatorcaspase8(membranedamage)andcaspase9(mitochondrialdamage),alongwithexecutionercaspase3,wereheavilyexpressedincochlearhaircellsandspiralganglionsaftermefloquinetreatment.Thesethreecaspaseswerealsoexpressedinsupportcells,althoughlabelingwaslesswidespreadandlessintense.Theseresultsindicatethatmefloquinedamagesboththesensoryandneuralelementsinthepostnatalratcochleabyinitiallyactivatingcelldeathsignalingpathwaysonthecellmembraneandinmitochondria.

简介：Introduction:Mostcochlearimplantsarecurrentlycompatiblewithmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)upto3T.Nevertheless,thisdoesnotcompletelyeliminatetheriskofseriousaccidents.Implantdisplacementsandotheradverseeventswithcompatibleimplantshavebeenreportedintheliterature.Casereports:AmongthesixpatientswhohadMRIafterreceivingimplantsatourcenter,wereportthreecaseswithadverseeventsrelatedtotheexamination.Thefirstcasewascomplicatedbymagnetdisplacementwithpartialdemagnetization.Thesecondcaseshowedtotaldemagnetization,whichnecessitatedremovalandreimplantationoftheimplant.ThethirdcaseinvolvedseverepainsensationwhichdisruptedtheMRIscan.Thesmallestartifactwasfoundwith3DMRIangiography,andlargestartifactwasfoundwithdiffusionandT2FLASH.Discussion:MovingthepatientintotheMRIapparatusmustbesupervisedbyanotorhinolaryngologyspecialistoranexperiencedradiologist.Itisimportanttoconsiderthemagneticfielddirections,sothatanglebetweentheimplantmagneticfieldsandtheMRIB0alwaysremainslessthanorequalto90°.Inaddition,werecommendtheuseofan"arrowdrawing"tofacilitatetheorientationofthemagneticfielddirections.Furthermore,topreventmagnetdisplacement,werecommendsystematicuseofaprotectivesplintinadditiontobandaging.